JACS Subject codes

A - Medicine and Dentistry

A100 Pre-clinical medicine. Vocational science of preventing, diagnosing, alleviating or curing disease in homo sapiens. Includes such areas as Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacy and Nutrition which can be specialisms in their own right.
A200 Pre-clinical dentistry. Vocational science concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of damage, disease and disorder to the teeth and gums of homo sapiens.
A300 Clinical medicine . The observation, diagnosis and treatment of an illness or disease through direct interaction with human patients.
A400 Clinical dentistry. The observation, diagnosis and treatment of disease or damage to teeth and gums through direct interaction with human patients.
A900 Others in medicine & dentistry
A990 Medicine & dentistry not elsewhere classified

B - Subjects Allied to Medicine

B100 Anatomy, physiology & pathology The study of the human body and how it is affected by disease. Includes study at cellular and molecular levels.
B110 Anatomy The scientific study of the structure and function of the human body, including tissues, organs and systems.
B120 Physiology The study of the function and behaviour of the human body, including subjects such as respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, reproduction and neuroscience.
B121 Clinical physiology The study of the major physiology systems in humans, measurement techniques in their normal and abnormal function, and their use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
B130 Pathology The study of the nature, causes and development of human diseases, and the mechanisms of disease infestation and transfer.
B131 Cellular pathology The study of the effects and nature of diseases in cellular structures.
B132 Pathobiology The study of the biological nature of diseases.
B140 Neuroscience The study of the anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology and behaviour of human nerve cells and nervous systems.
B160 Physiotherapy The study of the planning and execution of treatment programmes to prevent or remedy physical dysfunction, relieve pain and prevent further disability.
B170 Podiatry The study of the diagnosis and management of pathologies of the lower limb and foot.
B190 Anatomy, physiology & pathology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology categories. To be used sparingly.
B200 Pharmacology, toxicology & pharmacy The study of the therapeutic and toxic effects of drugs on human tissues and systems.
B210 Pharmacology The study of the nature, source, identification and characteristics of poisons, toxic substances, and exogenous chemical agents and their effects on human tissues and systems.
B220 Toxicology The study of the professional practice of pharmacy. Includes instruction in principles of medicinal chemistry, drug behaviour, and mixing, preparing and dispensing of prescription medications.
B230 Pharmacy Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy categories. To be used sparingly.
B290 Pharmacology, toxicology & pharmacy not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy categories. To be used sparingly.
B300 Complementary medicines, therapies & well-being The study of medicines and therapies not covered within clinical medicines to prevent and alleviate illness and disease as well as enhance health and well-being.
B310 Osteopathy The treatment of disease through the manipulation of bones.
B320 Chiropractic The diagnosis and manipulative treatment of mechanical disorders of the joints.
B340 Alternative medicine & therapies The study of the methods of diagnosis and treatment considered outside the scope of mainstream medicine in the UK.
B341 Chinese The study of the range of medical techniques with roots in China, such as moxibustion, massage, cupping, gwa sha, breath work (Qi Gong) and exercise (Tai Chi).
B342 Herbalism The use of herbs in the treatment of illness.
B343 Acupuncture The method of treating various conditions by pricking the skin or tissues with needles.
B344 Aromatherapy The use of plant extracts and essential oils in massage.
B345 Hypnotherapy The treatment of disease by hypnosis.
B346 Reflexology A system of massage through reflex points on the feet, hands and head used to relieve tension and treat illness.
B350 Hair & beauty science The study of services and treatments carried out in the hair, beauty and nail sectors and the sciences related to them.
B351 Hair services The study of hairdressing services, skills and knowledge required to meet clients' needs including hair and scalp disease and disorders.
B352 Beauty therapies The study of therapies to enhance well-being, appearance, relaxation or uplift to meet clients' needs. Includes treatments such as injectibles and laser/light therapies.
B353 Make-up The study of treatments carried out to enhance the appearance of individuals. This can include the application of camouflage make-up.
B360 Spa & water-based therapies The study of water-based therapies, treatments and services to enhance the face, body, health and well-being.
B390 Complementary medicines, therapies & well-being not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects not elsewhere classified. To be used sparingly.
B400 Nutrition The study of the process of assimilating nutrient materials into animal or plant tissue. Designed to enhance health and the quality of life of those treated.
B410 Dietetics The study of nutritional services, menu planning and diet formulation for individuals, families and institutions.
B490 Nutrition not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Dietetics categories. To be used sparingly.
B500 Ophthalmics The study of the eye, disruption to sight and diseases of the eye. Also includes treatment of eye disorders.
B510 Optometry The study of the principles and techniques for examining, diagnosing and treating conditions of the human visual system.
B520 Orthoptics The study of principles and techniques for the correction of vision defects in humans using therapeutic exercises.
B590 Ophthalmics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Ophthalmic categories. To be used sparingly.
B600 Aural & oral sciences The study of speech and hearing and problems that can occur with them. Includes the treatment of hearing defects and speech impediments.
B610 Audiology The study of the anatomy and physiology of the human hearing organs, their function and malfunction, and related environmental and behavioural topics.
B620 Speech science The study of the anatomy and physiology of the human speech organs, their function and malfunction, and related environmental and behavioural topics.
B630 Language pathology The study of the principles and techniques of therapies for persons with physical or behavioural disorders that affect speaking or comprehension.
B690 Aural & oral sciences not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Aural and Oral Science categories. To be used sparingly.
B700 Nursing The study of principles and techniques for assessing, managing, treating and monitoring patients.
B701 Palliative care nursing The study of principles and techniques for assessing, managing, treating and monitoring the provision of palliative care for individuals with life-limiting conditions.
B702 Clinical practice nursing The study of the principles and techniques for assessing, managing, treating and monitoring in the following care specialisms: diabetes, cancer, cardiac, renal, respiratory disease or disorders or sexual health.
B710 Community nursing The study of principles and techniques for assessing, managing, treating and monitoring the health care needs of patients and families outside of a hospital environment.
B712 Health visiting The study of the promotion of health and health education specialising in working with families with children under 5 years old and older people.
B713 School nursing The study of principles and techniques for the provision of nursing care within a school setting or to children and young people of school age.
B714 Practice nursing The study of the principles and techniques for the assessing, screening, treating, care and education of patients within general practitioner practices.
B720 Midwifery The study of the principles and techniques to allow midwives to deliver babies and treat mothers in the pre-natal, delivery and post-delivery periods.
B730 Children's nursing The study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to support and provide care for children and their families, from infancy to adolescence.
B731 Neonatal care The study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to support and provide care for new-born babies who are premature or who are born sick, and their families.
B740 Adult nursing The study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to assess, manage, treat and monitor the provision of care of adults in a variety of settings.
B741 Older people nursing The study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to assess, manage, treat and monitor the provision of care for older adults.
B750 Dental nursing The study of principles and techniques in providing assistance to dentists undertaking procedures and care to persons undergoing such procedures.
B760 Mental health nursing The study of the principles and therapeutic interventions that allow nurses to provide care for people with mental health needs.
B761 Learning disability nursing The study of the principles and techniques to provide support for children and adults with learning difficulties.
B770 Medical nursing The study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to assess, manage, treat and monitor the provision of care for patients undergoing investigations that do not require surgical intervention.
B771 Critical care nursing The study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to assess, manage, treat and monitor the provision of care to critically ill patients.
B772 Surgical nursing The study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to assess, manage, treat and monitor the provision of care for patients undergoing surgical intervention.
B773 Emergency nursing The study of the principles and techniques to allow nurses to assess, manage, treat and monitor the provision of care for patients at first contact in the Emergency department.
B790 Nursing not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Nursing categories. To be used sparingly.
B800 Medical technology The study of the use and development of medical equipment and its potential, including that used in radiography. Also involves understanding the effects of the various forms of radiation used to display and treat damage or illness.
B810 Cardiography The study of techniques aimed at diagnosing disorders of the human cardiovascular system.
B820 Radiology The study of the principles and techniques in the use of radiation to provide diagnostic information and therapy in medicine.
B821 Radiography, diagnostic The study of the principles and techniques in the use of radiation to provide medical diagnostic information.
B822 Radiography, therapeutic The study of the treatment of human diseases by means of controlled exposure to forms of radiation.
B830 Biomechanics & prosthetics (non-clinical) The study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement and structure of the human body.
B840 Dental technology The study of the design and fabrication of dental prosthetics and restorative appliances.
B850 Mortuary technology The study of the techniques/processes and equipment relating to the storage of deceased human beings.
B890 Medical technology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Medical Technology categories. To be used sparingly.
B900 Others in subjects allied to medicine Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Subjects Allied to Medicine categories. To be used sparingly.
B910 Environmental health The study of the monitoring and evaluation of health hazards and the planning and management of public health programmes.
B920 Occupational health The monitoring and evaluation of health standards related to industrial and commercial workplaces and locations.
B930 Occupational therapy The study of therapeutic regimes to assist recovery from mental or physical ailments/injury.
B940 Counselling The study of the provision of support services aimed at helping people to maintain a healthy and positive mental disposition in addressing problems.
B950 Paramedical science The study of the principles and techniques to allow provision of on-site care for persons with acute illnesses or injuries.
B960 Physician assistant studies The study of the principles and techniques required to take medical histories, perform examinations, diagnose illnesses, and analyse test results under direct supervision of a doctor.
B990 Subjects allied to medicine not elsewhere classified

C - Biological Sciences

C100 Biology A broadly based scientific study of living organisms, both animal and vegetable. Includes their structure, functions, evolution, distribution and interrelationships.
C110 Applied biology Topics in Biology of commercial or social importance.
C111 Parasitology The study of the transmission and control of parasitic diseases and their vectors.
C120 Behavioural biology The study of the behavioural strategies used by organisms in their natural environment to maximise fitness. Includes foraging, social and reproductive (including parental care, sexual selection and mate choice) behaviour, behavioural responses to predators, communication, migration and homing.
C130 Cell biology Concerned with the organisation of the cell, cell membrane and cell communication.
C131 Applied cell biology Topics in Cell Biology of commercial or social importance.
C140 Developmental/Reproductive biology The study of the development and reproduction of multi-cellular organisms and the differentiation of cells, tissues and organs.
C141 Developmental biology The study of the development of multi-cellular organisms.
C142 Reproductive biology The study of the reproduction of multi-cellular organisms.
C150 Environmental biology Relates animals and plants to their terrestrial and marine habitats.
C160 Marine/Freshwater biology The study of aquatic biology.
C161 Marine biology The study of saltwater and oceanic biology.
C162 Freshwater biology The study of freshwater and estuarine biology.
C170 Population biology The study of organism numbers and population dynamics.
C180 Ecology The study of organisms in their environment, their interactions and history.
C181 Biodiversity Concentrates on the design and development of different species and their interrelationships.
C182 Evolution The study of organisms' adaptation to their environment and the mechanisms of heredity and change.
C183 Community ecology The study of the structure, composition and dynamics of ecological assemblages. Includes the relationship between species assemblages and their environments, trophic structure, succession, stability, biodiversity, coexistence and competitive exclusion, spatial structure and relative abundance of component species.
C184 Conservation ecology The study of the science underpinning the restoration and conservation of species and communities and their natural habitat.
C185 Ecosystem ecology & land use The study of large-scale ecology including catchment and regional studies, landscape ecology and interactions between ecology and land use patterns.
C186 Population ecology The study of the understanding of population dynamics, including trophic interactions, demography of populations, extinction processes, spatial processes and metapopulation dynamics.
C187 Ecotoxicology The study of the branch of toxicology concerned with toxic effects caused by natural or synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, (animal (including human), vegetable and microbial) in an integral context. Includes diagnostics, tolerance and adaptation in relation to natural and anthropogenic toxic substances.
C190 Biology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Biology categories. To be used sparingly.
C191 Biometry Concerned with the quantitative techniques and measurement in the biological Sciences.
C200 Botany The study of plants including their classification, structure, physiology, ecology and economic importance. Includes the importance of plants for a balanced ecosystem including the process of energy fixation and conversion in to the biosphere (and thus with food and fuel). May also be called Plant Science.
C210 Applied botany Topics in Botany of commercial or social importance.
C220 Mycology The study of fungi, symbiotic relationships and their role in decay.
C230 Plant biotechnology Involves the molecular and microbial manipulation of plants.
C240 Plant cell science Concerned with the cellular organisation and function in plants.
C250 Plant pathology Concerned with the diseases of plants and their treatments.
C260 Plant physiology The study of the area of botany concerned with the function or physiology of plants. This includes processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy and stomata function and transpiration.
C270 Developmental & reproductive plant biology The study of plant growth related to reproduction and development.
C280 Systematic botany The study of morphological, numerical and molecular methods of identifying and classifying living and fossil plants. Includes the reconstruction of phylogenies.
C290 Botany not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Botany categories. To be used sparingly.
C300 Zoology The scientific study of all aspects of animal biology: their reproduction, development, physiology, behaviour, mechanics of locomotion, diseases and interactions with the environment.
C310 Applied zoology Zoological topics of commercial or social importance, e.g. animal disease and eradication.
C320 Cell zoology Concerned with the cellular organisation and function in animals.
C330 Developmental & reproductive zoology The study of the reproduction and development of animals, including embryos, fertilisation, foetal growth and maturation, ovarian function, fertility and the differentiation of cells, tissues and organs.
C340 Entomology The study of insects, including their role as pests.
C350 Marine zoology The biological study of animals in seawater environments.
C360 Pest science Concerned with vertebrate and invertebrate pests, their roles as disease vectors and agents of damage, and their control.
C380 Systematic zoology The study of morphological, numerical and molecular methods of identifying and classifying living and fossil animals, including reconstruction of phylogenies.
C390 Zoology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Zoology categories. To be used sparingly.
C400 Genetics The scientific study of origin, heredity and variation in organisms; includes the inheritance of biological information.
C410 Applied genetics Topics in genetics of commercial or social importance, e.g. in animal and plant breeding, but not exclusively involving Genetic Engineering, which is coded as C460.
C420 Human genetics The study of the genetics of the human species, including chromosome theory and the mechanism of gene action.
C430 Medical & veterinary genetics The investigation of genetic anomalies' and their treatment.
C431 Medical genetics The investigation of genetic abnormalities and their treatment in humans.
C432 Veterinary genetics The investigation of genetic abnormalities and their treatment in animals.
C440 Molecular genetics The study of genetic factors and processes at molecular level.
C441 Transcriptomics The study of transcriptomics; the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of messenger RNA molecules produced in one or a population of cell types.
C450 Genomics The branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences).
C451 Functional genomics The study of functional genomics; the branch of molecular biology that uses data produced by genomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects) to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, and protein-protein interactions.
C452 Genome organisation The study of adult stem cells, chromosome duplication, chromosome structure, comparative mapping, gene mapping, genome rearrangements, ploidy, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), genome evolution and telomeres.
C460 Genetic engineering The use of various methods to manipulate the DNA (genetic material) of cells to change hereditary traits or produce biological products.
C470 Population genetics & evolution The study of speciation and population genetics, gene flow/population structure, hybrid zones, island populations, genetic drift and conservation genetics. This includes adaptation and the evolution of life histories.
C490 Genetics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do fit into other Genetics categories. To be used sparingly.
C500 Microbiology The scientific study of micro-organisms encompassing major components of genetics and molecular biology. Includes bacteriology, virology, cell structure and function, and may include some immunology.
C510 Applied microbiology The study of topics in microbiology of commercial, environmental or social importance. Includes interactions between the environment and microbial systems, bioremediation and microbial diversity.
C520 Medical & veterinary microbiology The study of the interactions between micro-organisms and their hosts.
C521 Medical microbiology The study of the interactions between micro-organism and their human hosts.
C522 Veterinary microbiology The study of the interactions between micro-organisms and their animal hosts.
C530 Bacteriology The study of bacteria and bacterial diseases.
C540 Virology The study of viruses and viral diseases.
C550 Immunology The study of the immune system as a defence mechanism against infection.
C570 Serology The study of sera and blood-related products.
C590 Microbiology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Microbiology categories.  To be used sparingly.
C600 Sport & exercise science The applied scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, biomechanics and psychology of the human body with a view to optimising performance in sporting and physical activities. Includes non-teacher training physical education.
C610 Sport coaching The study of the delivery (teaching, instructing and coaching) of enhanced sport performance and the critical analysis of the integration of the variables involved.
C620 Sport development The monitoring, analysis, diagnosis and prescription of actions to enhance the component elements of sport.
C630 Sport conditioning, rehabilitation & therapy The applied scientific study of anatomy, biomechanics, physiology and psychology within the context of human body conditioning, sport-related injuries and rehabilitation.
C640 Sport studies The study of the nature and provision of sport through analysis of its socio-cultural and health impacts.
C650 Sport technology The study of the impact of technology and ergonomics to advance sport performance through the study of biomechanics, physiology, psychology and materials technology.
C690 Sport & exercise science not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other sport and exercise categories. To be used sparingly.
C700 Molecular biology, biophysics & biochemistry The scientific study of the chemical compounds and reactions occurring in the cells of living organisms including the molecular and biochemical analysis of life processes. Involves aspects of cellular organisation processes. and specialisation and how the structure and function of DNA, RNA proteins, enzymes and membranes determine biological.
C710 Applied molecular biology, biophysics & biochemistry Topics in molecular biology, biophysics and biochemistry of commercial or social importance.
C720 Biological chemistry The study of the molecules and compounds that make up cells and organisms; how they are formed and how they interact. Includes the study of Molecular Biology.
C730 Metabolic biochemistry Covers the biochemical aspects of metabolic processes.
C740 Medical & veterinary biochemistry The study of the molecular basis of health and illness.
C741 Medical biochemistry Covers the biochemical aspects of metabolic processes in humans.
C742 Veterinary biochemistry Covers the biochemical aspects of metabolic processes in animals.
C750 Plant biochemistry Concerned with cellular processes in plants including the understanding of the expression of genetic information.
C760 Biomolecular science The study of the molecular processes in the life sciences.
C770 Biophysical science The use of the methods of physical science in the biological sciences.
C790 Molecular biology, biophysics & biochemistry not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Molecular Biology, Biophysics and Biochemistry categories. To be used sparingly.
C800 Psychology The study of behavioural and mental processes. May include study of the brain, the senses, and the biological and physiological bases of behaviour.
C810 Applied psychology The application of psychological evidence and theories to real world situations.
C811 Occupational psychology The psychology of selection, motivation and performance in the workplace.
C812 Educational psychology The psychology of learning and teaching in educational settings.
C813 Sport psychology The psychology of sport.
C814 Organisational psychology The psychology of human behaviour in organisational settings.
C815 Business psychology The applications of psychology to business contexts.
C816 Forensic psychology The psychological aspects of crime and criminal behaviour.
C820 Developmental psychology The study of the development of psychological processes across the life cycle.
C821 Child psychology The study of the development of psychological processes in childhood.
C822 The psychology of ageing Psychological aspects of the ageing process in adults.
C830 Methodological & conceptual issues in psychology Investigation into fundamental psychological processes.
C831 Research methods in psychology The study of the techniques, methodology and statistical procedures used in psychology.
C832 Quantitative psychology The use of measurement, quantitative and statistical techniques in psychological testing.
C833 Qualitative psychology The use and analysis of qualitative techniques in psychology.
C834 History of psychology The historical development of methodology and theory in psychology.
C835 Philosophy of psychology Philosophical and conceptual issues underlying psychology.
C840 Psychology in health & medicine The application of psychology to physiological and physical well-being.
C841 Health psychology The study of the psychological factors in maintaining and recovering physical well-being.
C842 Clinical psychology The study and treatment of psychological disorder.
C843 Counselling psychology The study and application of psychological processes of counselling.
C844 Psychotherapy The study and application of psychological processes of therapy.
C845 Clinical neuropsychology The study of clinical aspects of the psychological consequences of neurological disorders.
C846 Community psychology The applications of psychology in community contexts.
C847 Psychoanalytical studies The application of psychodynamic approaches within psychology.
C848 Psychology of mental health The study of psychological well-being.
C850 Cognitive & affective psychology The study of the mechanism and processes associated with perception, learning, language, memory and the emotions.
C851 Psychological modelling The application of psychology to the development and application of computational models of cognitive processes.
C852 Psychology of communication The study of psychological processes in verbal and non-verbal communication.
C853 Psychology of memory & learning The study of psychological processes of memory and learning.
C854 Psychology of perception The study of psychological processes in perception.
C855 Psychology of higher cognitive processes The study of thinking, reasoning, decision-making and problem solving.
C856 Experimental psychology The experimental investigation of behavioural and mental processes.
C857 Affective psychology Psychology of emotional behaviour.
C858 Transpersonal psychology The study of psychological aspects of spiritual and mystic experience.
C860 Psychobiology Biological explanations of psychological processes.
C861 Cognitive neuroscience The study of neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes.
C862 Affective neuroscience The study of neural mechanisms underlying emotional behaviour.
C863 Psychopharmacology The study of the behavioural and psychological effects of drugs.
C864 Evolutionary psychology The study of evolutionary explanations of psychology.
C865 Animal psychology The study of cognitive processes in animals.
C870 Personality & individual differences The study of psychological factors in individual differences.
C871 Psychometrics The psychological testing of personality and individual differences.
C872 Psychology of gender The study of the influence of gender on psychological processes.
C873 Cross-cultural psychology The study of the influence of culture on psychological processes.
C880 Social psychology The study of behaviour and mental processes in social contexts.
C881 Social cognition The study of the cognitive processes involved in social interactions.
C890 Psychology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Psychology categories. To be used sparingly.
C900 Others in Biological Sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Biological (or Life) Sciences categories. To be used sparingly.
C910 Applied biological sciences Topics in Other Biological Sciences of commercial or social importance.
C990 Biological sciences not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Biological (or Life) Sciences categories. To be used sparingly.

D - Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture and related subjects

D100 Pre-clinical veterinary medicine Vocational science concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disease in animals.
D190 Pre-clinical veterinary medicine not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Pre-clinical Veterinary Medicine categories. To be used sparingly.
D200 Clinical veterinary medicine & dentistry The observation, diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease or damage through direct interaction with non-human patients.
D210 Clinical veterinary medicine The observation, diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease or damage through direct interaction with non-human patients.
D220 Clinical veterinary dentistry The observation, diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease or damage to the teeth and gums through direct interaction with non-human patients.
D290 Clinical veterinary medicine & dentistry not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry categories. To be used sparingly.
D300 Animal science The scientific study of animals, their nutrition, treatment and care. Includes the study of animals’ diseases and their cure. May include veterinary nursing. Also may include the study of drugs, their characteristics, actions and uses.
D310 Veterinary nursing Vocational science concerning the practical care of sick, injured and/or infirm animals.
D320 Animal health The study of animal diseases with the object of prevention or diagnosis and cure.
D321 Animal anatomy The study of the physical structure of an animal, how each part works and is related. Studies include dissection and use of microscope slides.
D322 Animal physiology The study of systemic function and behaviour of the animal frame, including processes such as respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, and reproduction.
D323 Animal pathology The study of the effect of disease and/or damage to the animal frame. Studies include dissection and use of microscope slides.
D324 Animal pharmacology The study of drugs, their characteristics, actions, uses and effects on different animals.
D325 Animal toxicology The study of poisons, their nature, effect on different animals and possible antidotes.
D326 Animal pharmacy The study of the preparation and dispensing of animal-related drugs. Involves an understanding of the food-chain and its interaction with human beings.
D327 Animal nutrition The study of the process of assimilating nutrient materials into animal tissue.
D328 Animal welfare The study of the health, contentment and well being of animals, how such contentment should be maintained and the laws concerning animal housing and provision.
D330 Veterinary public health The study of the prevention of the spread of disease from animals to man.
D340 Overseas veterinary development The study of international veterinary practice and its development in specialist areas.
D390 Animal sciences not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Animal Sciences categories. To be used sparingly.
D400 Agriculture The study of farming and husbandry, conservation, rural business studies and related applied sciences. Includes study and practical experience of cultivating land and rearing crops and livestock. May also include some aspects of rural recreation.
D410 Arable & fruit farming The study of the most efficient way to grow crops on a large scale, including those borne on trees, for food.
D411 Agricultural pests & diseases The study of diseases in crops and the animals and insects which attack them, with the object of preventing such disease or attack.
D412 Crop physiology The study of crop structure and how it is affected by disease. Studies include dissection and use of microscope slides. Also includes study at cellular level.
D413 Crop nutrition The study of the process of assimilating nutrient materials into crop tissue with the aim of understanding and providing the correct nutrient balance.
D414 Crop protection The particular study of the development of immunities in crops. Also includes the study of artificial barriers, preventatives or exterminators for the animals/insects which attack crops.
D415 Crop production The study of growing and harvesting crops and the relationship of arable production to its environment and humans.
D416 Glasshouse culture The study of native and non-native plant propagation and growth in greenhouse conditions, including crops and plants grown for their appearance or other properties.
D417 Amenity horticulture The study of plants grown for their appearance for use in municipal and other large area planting schemes, gardens, parks and landscapes.
D418 Exotic plants & crops The study of the most efficient way to plant, sow and harvest non-native crops.
D420 Livestock The study of the most efficient way to keep animals for agricultural use rather than as pets.
D421 Livestock husbandry The study of animals and their relationship with their environment and people in order to enable successful farming.
D422 Equine studies The particular study of horses, their health, livery and use as farm, domestic and recreational animals.
D423 Poultry keeping The study of egg and fowl production and the relationship of poultry to its environment and people.
D424 Game keeping The study of the breeding, maintenance and protection of wild animals preserved specifically for hunting purposes.
D425 Exotic livestock The study of the most efficient way to keep, rear and breed animals not native to Britain.
D430 Fish farming The study of the most efficient way to use an area of water to rear fish for commercial sale.
D431 Fish husbandry The study of fish in their environment for fishing or fish farming.
D432 Freshwater fish The study of fish generic to unsalted ponds, streams, rivers and lakes, their habits, breeding patterns and the unique effects of their environment.
D433 Saltwater fish The study of fish generic to seas, oceans and salted estuaries, their habits, breeding patterns and the unique effects of their environment.
D434 Ornamental fish The study of fish kept for recreational purposes, their habits and breeding patterns.
D435 Aquaculture The study of the cultivation of water resources, both plant and animal, for human consumption or use.
D440 Rural estate management The study of the administration of large landed properties as or on behalf of their owner. Includes elements of business studies, personnel management, buildings management.
D441 Farm management The study of the most efficient way to keep livestock and grow and harvest crops and fruit. Includes home farm management.
D442 Game keeping management The study of the habitat and management of land set aside for hunting purposes.
D443 Water resource management The study of fresh and salt water, its use commercially, domestically and recreationally. Includes the conservation of water. Also includes the study of drought, flood and the water cycle.
D444 Land management for recreation The study of land used for informal recreation. Includes study of erosion and damage to habitat from over or inappropriate use, and the techniques to prevent, cure and minimise such damage.
D445 Biological heritage site management The scientific study of the conservation of land which has or contains something of rarity value; Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and the species found there.
D446 Wilderness management The study of the conservation of wild, uninhabited and uncultivated land for aesthetic, recreational or scientific purposes.
D447 Environmental conservation The study of the protection and careful management of natural resources and the environment.
D448 Sustainable agricultural & landscape development The study of agricultural and other related landscape uses with particular emphasis on sustainable and environmentally sensitive practices.
D450 International agriculture The study of the science or occupation of cultivating land and rearing crops in various parts of the world.
D460 Organic farming The study of agricultural processes conducted without the use of artificial chemicals in the form of fertilisers or pesticides.
D461 Organic arable & fruit farming The study of the most efficient way to grow crops on a large scale, including those borne on trees, for food, without the use of artificial chemicals or fertilisers.
D462 Organic livestock The study of the most efficient way to keep animals for agricultural use rather than as pets without the use of artificial chemicals or feed.
D463 Organic fish farming The study of the most efficient way to use an area of water to rear fish for commercial sale, without the use of artificial chemicals.
D470 Agricultural technology The study of practical or mechanical sciences connected with agriculture as they apply to increased efficiency, economy and crop production.
D471 Agricultural machinery The study of the use and maintenance of agricultural machinery. Includes the study of tractors, hedge clippers, milking machines etc.
D472 Agricultural irrigation & drainage The study of the control of water by means of artificial canals and ditches, mechanical pumps, weather stations etc.
D490 Agriculture not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Agriculture categories. To be used sparingly.
D500 Forestry & arboriculture The study of planting and caring for trees and the management of woods and forests for conservation purposes, commercial exploitation and recreational use.
D510 Trees & shrubs The study of the most efficient way to grow hardwood and softwood trees for harvesting.
D511 Forestry pests & diseases The study of diseases in commercially-grown hardwood and softwood trees and the animals and insects which attack them, with the object of preventing such disease or attack.
D512 Tree physiology The study of hardwood and softwood tree structure and how it is affected by disease. Studies include dissection and use of microscope slides. Also includes study at cellular level.
D513 Tree nutrition The study of the process of assimilating nutrient materials into tree tissue with the aim of understanding and providing the correct balance.
D514 Tree protection The particular study of the development of immunities in trees. Also includes the study of artificial barriers, preventative measures or exterminators for the animals/insects which attack them.
D515 Tree production The study of growing and harvesting trees and the relationship of such tree production to its environment.
D516 Timber production The study of hardwood and softwood timber products. May include the different uses of wood products. May also include the suitability of certain trees for certain uses.
D517 Community forestry The study of forestry used for recreation. Includes study of formal and informal recreational uses, erosion and damage to habitat from over or inappropriate use, and the techniques to prevent, cure and minimise such damage.
D520 International forestry The study of the science or occupation of cultivating trees as a crop in various parts of the world.
D530 Organic forestry The study of forestry processes conducted without the use of artificial chemicals in the form of fertilisers or pesticides.
D540 Forestry technology The study of practical or mechanical sciences connected with forestry as they apply to increased efficiency, economy and crop production.
D541 Forestry irrigation & drainage The study of the control of water and prevention of erosion by means of good planting, mechanical pumps etc.
D590 Forestry not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Forestry categories. To be used sparingly.
D600 Food & beverage studies The study of the properties and behaviour of food from the point of origin on the farm (or elsewhere), through different stages of storage, transportation, preservation or other transformations, including domestic or restaurant food preparation procedures, to its use by the consumer.
D610 Food science The study of the properties and behaviour of food. Includes the application of physical, chemical and biological sciences to food systems.
D611 Meat science The study of the properties of meat. Includes the application of food sciences to meat-inclusive food systems.
D612 Cereal science The study of the properties of cereal and grains. Includes the application of food sciences to cereal-inclusive food systems.
D613 Vegetable science The study of the properties of vegetables. Includes the application of food sciences to vegetable-inclusive food systems.
D614 Fruit science The study of the properties of fruit. Includes the application of food sciences to fruit-inclusive food systems.
D620 Food hygiene The study of the maintenance and promotion of health through the clean and sanitary handling of food.
D630 Food & beverage production The study of the process of supplying food and drink. Includes study of production techniques and the amount and rate at which foodstuffs are produced.
D631 Food & beverage manufacture The study of the development of artificial foodstuffs. Includes the substitution of one type of food for another.
D632 Food & beverage processing The study of the preservation and processing of foodstuffs.
D633 Food & beverage technology The study of the production techniques for food and drink. Includes study of resources and environmental concerns.
D634 Industrial baking The study of the production of cooked foodstuffs. Includes the application of physical, chemical and biological sciences to food preparation.
D635 Industrial brewing The study of the production of liquid beverages. Includes the application of physical, chemical and biological sciences to drink preparation.
D640 Food & beverages for the consumer The study of food products and their preparation to attract consumers.
D641 Food & beverage packaging The study of packaging and packaging systems to ensure economic and hygienic handling and customer satisfaction.
D642 Food & beverage delivery The study of transportation of food and drink to ensure economic and hygienic handling and customer satisfaction.
D690 Food & beverage studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Food and Beverage studies categories. To be used sparingly.
D700 Agricultural sciences The specifically scientific study of aspects of agriculture, excluding wider non-laboratory-based agricultural subjects such as economics, business management and land use.
D710 Agricultural biology A scientific study of living organisms, both animal and vegetable with particular emphasis on their use in or effect on agricultural processes.
D711 Agricultural microbiology The scientific study of micro-organisms encompassing major components of genetics and molecular biology, with particular emphasis on their use in or effect on agricultural processes. Includes bacteriology, virology, cell structure and function and may include some immunology.
D720 Agricultural chemistry The particular study of how individual atoms and molecules react together naturally and/or synthetically to affect agricultural processes.
D721 Agricultural biochemistry The scientific study of the chemical compounds and reactions occurring in the cells and molecules of living organisms with particular emphasis on their use in or effect on agricultural processes. Involves aspects of cellular organisation and specialisation and how the structure and function of DNA, RNA, proteins, enzymes and membranes determine biological processes.
D730 Agricultural botany The particular study of plants cultivated as a crop. Includes their classification, structure, physiology, ecology and economic importance.
D740 Agricultural zoology The scientific study of all agriculture-related aspects of animal biology. Includes their reproduction, development, physiology, behaviour, diseases and interactions with their environment.
D750 Soil as an agricultural medium The study of the physical, chemical and biological processes which explain soil behaviour.
D790 Agricultural sciences not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Agricultural Sciences categories. To be used sparingly.
D900 Others in veterinary sciences, agriculture & related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly.
D990 Veterinary sciences, agriculture & related subjects not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly.

F - Physical Sciences

F100 Chemistry The study of individual atoms and molecules and the way they react together naturally and synthetically.
F110 Applied chemistry Topics in chemistry of commercial or social importance.
F111 Industrial chemistry The study of chemical processes of industrial significance.
F112 Colour chemistry The chemical science of dyes and pigments.
F120 Inorganic chemistry The study of inorganic elements, compounds and reaction mechanisms.
F130 Structural chemistry Determination and analysis of chemical structures.
F131 Crystallography The study and application of techniques for determining crystal structure.
F140 Environmental chemistry Concerned with environmental issues related to the chemical sciences.
F141 Marine chemistry Topics in the chemical sciences concerned with understanding the marine environment.
F150 Medicinal chemistry Aspects of Chemistry, such as drug design, of importance to medical science.
F151 Pharmaceutical chemistry The study of drug function.
F160 Organic chemistry The study of organic compounds and their reaction mechanisms.
F161 Organometallic chemistry The study of reactions between organic compounds and metals.
F162 Polymer chemistry The study of the properties of macromolecular compounds and their synthesis.
F163 Bio-organic chemistry The study of natural organic compounds.
F164 Petrochemical chemistry The chemical science of petroleum and petroleum compounds.
F165 Biomolecular chemistry The chemical science of biological materials at the molecular level.
F170 Physical chemistry The study of atomic and molecular structure, chemical bonding, energetics and dynamics.
F180 Analytical chemistry The study of chemical and instrumental analysis.
F190 Chemistry not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Chemistry categories. To be used sparingly.
F200 Materials science The study of the crystalline and granular structure of materials, including electronic atomic and molecular configurations. May include the study of mining and mining techniques.
F290 Materials science not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Materials Science categories. To be used sparingly.
F300 Physics The study of the properties of matter and energy and the relationships between them, making extensive use of mathematical techniques and models. May include mechanics, optics, electricity, magnetism and acoustics. May also include atomic, nuclear, particle and solid state studies.
F310 Applied physics Topics in physics of commercial or social importance.
F311 Engineering physics Physical principles and techniques applied to engineering and technology.
F320 Chemical physics Concerned with central area of physical science, integrating chemistry and physics.
F321 Solid-state physics Study of the structure of solids and the explanation of their properties.
F330 Environmental physics Aspects of physics concerned with environmental issues.
F331 Atmospheric physics The study of the Earth's stratosphere, troposphere and upper atmosphere including atmospheric kinetics and water in the atmosphere.
F332 Marine physics The study of the physical properties of the marine environment.
F340 Mathematical & theoretical physics The mathematical principles and techniques of physics theory and explanation of physical phenomena.
F341 Electromagnetism The study of the interaction of charges in electromagnetic fields.
F342 Quantum mechanics Description and analysis of sub-atomic behaviour.
F343 Computational physics Numerical and quantitative methods in physics.
F350 Medical physics The application of Physics to the medical sciences.
F351 Radiation physics Monitoring and evaluation of emissions from sources of radiation.
F360 Optical physics The study of optics as a natural phenomenon and optical instrumentation.
F361 Laser physics The study of lasers as optical instrumentation.
F370 Nuclear & particle physics The study of matter at atomic and sub-atomic level, and of the structure and behaviour of nuclei.
F380 Acoustics The study of the propagation and transmission of sound waves.
F390 Physics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Physics categories. To be used sparingly.
F400 Forensic & archaeological sciences The specifically scientific study of materials involved in investigative procedures. May necessitate the study of chemical processes and other scientific techniques including archaeological sciences.
F410 Forensic science The application of Forensic Science in evaluating evidence in courts of law. The techniques used include fingerprinting (both traditional and genetic), analysis of blood and poison samples, ballistics etc.
F420 Archaeological science The study of the scientific analysis of the material remains of past cultures. Includes an approach to reconstruct and understand the past. Also includes the application of physical, chemical and biological techniques to aid scientific, archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations.
F490 Forensic & archaeological sciences not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Forensic and Archaeological Sciences categories. To be used sparingly.
F500 Astronomy The specifically scientific study of celestial bodies. Includes mathematics, statistics, physics, photography and computing.
F510 Astrophysics The study of the physical nature of the universe including cosmology and astronomical techniques.
F520 Space & planetary sciences The study of the solar system and evaluation of physical measurements from space.
F521 Space science The physical science study of space beyond the solar system.
F522 Planetary science The study of the physical science of the solar system including the measurement of the Earth and its gravitational field.
F530 Solar & solar terrestrial physics The study of the sun and the interaction of the sun with the Earth.
F540 Astronomy observation The study of astronomy utilising observational techniques to undertake research.
F550 Astronomy theory The study of the theoretical aspects of astronomy.
F590 Astronomy not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Astronomy categories. To be used sparingly.
F600 Geology The study of the origin, history, structure and composition of the earth. Encourages understanding of environmental problems and includes techniques on searching for mineral resources and other raw materials.
F610 Applied geology Topics in geology of commercial or social importance.
F611 Industrial geology The study of geological processes of industrial significance.
F612 Engineering geology Geological structures and processes in an engineering context.
F620 Mining geology Geological topics related to the mining and minerals industry.
F621 Exploration geology Aspects related to the exploration for mineral resources.
F630 Geotechnology The study of the principles and applications of geotechnical engineering. Includes aspects of civil engineering and the construction and extraction industries.
F631 Marine geotechnology The study of geotechnical processes in marine environments.
F640 Earth science The study of the earth as a unified system; includes earth resources, surface and crustal processes.
F641 Palaeontology The study of the fossil record.
F642 Geoscience The study of the earth sciences, including geological chemistry and physics.
F643 Quaternary studies The study of the rock systems of the most recent geological period.
F644 Hydrogeology The study of the physical, chemical and biological processes which occur at the interface between rock and water at or below the Earth's surface at all scales. Includes water-related geological processes beneath oceans, aquifers, groundwater resources and the response of aquifers to environmental change.
F645 Mantle & core processes The study of the processes which determine the behaviour and composition of the Earth's mantle and core.
F646 Land-atmosphere interactions The study of the quantification and modelling of the fluxes and transformations of material and energy between the land (including the biosphere) and the atmosphere. Includes the variability of these interactions in time and space.
F650 Geological oceanography The study of the sedimentary processes including deposition and dynamics in the oceans.
F660 Geophysics The study of the physical structure and dynamics of the earth.
F661 Exploration geophysics Geophysical techniques concerned with the discovery of geological deposits.
F670 Geochemistry The study of the chemical processes taking place at or near the earth's surface.
F680 Geohazards The study of the prediction, monitoring, environmental effects, risks and mitigation of long-term, extreme and catastrophic natural geological events including landslips, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Includes the assessment of the frequency and magnitude of triggers and events.
F681 Seismology & tectonics The study of the processes affecting the large-scale movement and deformation of the Earth's crust. Includes orogenesis, faulting, earthquakes and seismicity, neotectonics and the tectonic control of sedimentation.
F682 Vulcanology The study of the origin of ancient and modern volcanoes and vulcanicity. Includes the location, history and structure of volcanoes, their emissions and deposits. Also includes the reconstruction of these characteristics and of earth history from studies of volcanic materials and their impacts in the geological record.
F690 Geology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Geology categories. To be used sparingly.
F700 Science of aquatic & terrestrial environments The study of environments comprising the earth's surface, oceans, sea-bed and atmosphere; and the interactions between them.
F710 Marine sciences The study of the coastal environment and mariculture.
F720 Hydrography The collection and application of data about the sea, including surveying and the study of tides and currents.
F730 Ocean sciences The study of oceans, the seabed and atmosphere. Includes oceanography. May include studies associated with physics, chemistry, geology and biology.
F731 Ocean circulation The study of water circulation in seas and oceans on a variety of temporal and spatial scales based on modelling and/or observations. Includes extreme water circulation events.
F732 Oceanographic survey & monitoring The study of oceanographic survey mapping and monitoring (as the primary purpose of the activity, rather than as a tool).
F733 Land-ocean interaction The study of the quantification and modelling of the fluxes and transformations of material and energy between the terrestrial and marine environments. Includes the variability of these interactions in time and space.
F734 Atmosphere-ocean interactions The study of the quantification and modelling of the fluxes and transformations of material and energy between the marine and atmospheric environments. Includes feedback mechanisms, coupled ocean/atmosphere models and the variability of these interactions in time and space.
F750 Environmental sciences The study of the terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric environment and human interaction with it.
F751 Applied environmental sciences Topics in Environmental Sciences of industrial or commercial importance.
F752 Hydrology The study of bodies of water, their distribution and water resources.
F753 Pollution control The study of monitoring with the intention to reduce the emission and distribution of noxious substances in the environment.
F754 Biogeochemical cycles The study of the fluxes and cycling of matter within and between the biosphere and the physical environment.
F755 Environmental informatics The study of the science of information applied to environmental sciences relating to the creation, collection, storage, processing, modelling, interpretation, display and dissemination of data and information.
F756 Environmental physiology The study of the physiological responses of plants and animals to the environment. Includes homeostasis, stress and physiological responses and survival strategies.
F760 Climatology The study of secular weather conditions and climates.
F761 Meteorology The study of atmospheric conditions related to weather conditions and forecasting.
F762 Large-scale atmospheric dynamics & transport The study of global circulation of the troposphere and stratosphere, including time variability, wave motions (from small-scale gravity waves to large-scale planetary waves and equatorial waves) and their effect on the radiation balance. Also includes large-scale transport and mixing processes in the free troposphere and stratosphere.
F763 Boundary-layer meteorology The study of models of local and regional airflow and dispersion. Includes the understanding of airflow over complex surfaces, urban meteorology and links to air pollutant formation and dispersion.
F764 Climate & climate change The study of the modelling and analysis of current and past climate variability and causes of change on all timescales. Includes the understanding and modelling of future climate change, the detection and attribution of past change and the prediction of impacts of climate change on the environment.
F765 Radiative processes & effects The study of the observations and modelling of radiation from the ultra-violet to the infrared and microwave. Includes field, laboratory and modelling studies of radiation and its effects on the environment.
F770 Soil science The study of the properties of soils and the processes involved in their formation and distribution.
F780 Glaciology & cryospheric systems The study of the origins, processes of formation, characteristics and impacts of glacial, ice cap, shelf ice and sea ice features. Includes physical, chemical and biological processes in the cryosphere. Also includes glacial tectonics and ice deformation, periglacial processes, determination of glacial events from the geological record and the interactions between the cryosphere and the atmosphere and terrestrial and aquatic environments.
F790 Science of aquatic & terrestrial environments not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Science of Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment categories. To be used sparingly.
F800 Physical geographical sciences The spatially-related study of natural features of the earth. Includes topographical, physical, biological, environmental and information management concepts.
F810 Environmental geography The investigation of the relationship between natural and human environments.
F811 Biogeography The study of the geographical distribution of flora and fauna.
F840 Physical geography The study of the physical processes underlying the features of the Earth's surface.
F841 Maritime geography The geographical study of coastal and marine regions.
F842 Geomorphology The study of the processes determining the topography of the Earth's crust.
F843 Topography The description of the Earth's surface features and their mapping and surveying.
F844 Cartography The preparation and production of maps and/or charts.
F845 Remote sensing Topographic and geomatic data surveying carried out over a distance.
F846 Geographical information systems The collection and transmission of geographical data using information technology.
F890 Physical geographical sciences not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Physical Geographical Sciences categories. To be used sparingly.
F900 Others in physical sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Physical Sciences categories. To be used sparingly.
F990 Physical sciences not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in Physical Sciences categories. To be used sparingly.

G - Mathematical Sciences

G100 Mathematics The rigorous analysis of quantities, magnitudes, forms and their relationships, using symbolic logic and language, both in its own right and as applied to other disciplines.
G110 Pure mathematics The rigorous analysis of quantities, magnitudes, forms and their relationships, using symbolic logic and language.
G120 Applied mathematics The application of mathematical principles to the solution of functional area problems.
G121 Mechanics (mathematical) Branch of applied mathematics concerned with motion and the tendency to motion.
G130 Mathematical methods The study of specific techniques for the precise solution of mathematical problems.
G140 Numerical analysis The study of the mathematical methods used to obtain approximate (numerical) results to a problem on a digital computer.
G150 Mathematical modelling The use of mathematical principles to construct simplified representations and simulations of 'real-world' processes, allowing calculations and predictions to be made.
G160 Engineering/industrial mathematics Branch of mathematics concerned with the application of mathematical principles in the areas of engineering and industrial systems/processes.
G170 Computational mathematics The study of advanced mathematical topics used in computational processes across a range of applications.
G190 Mathematics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Mathematics categories. To be used sparingly.
G200 Operational research The development and application of complex mathematical or simulation models to solve problems involving operational systems, where the system concerned is subject to human intervention.
G290 Operational research not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Operational Research categories. To be used sparingly.
G300 Statistics The study of the collection and analysis of numerical data.
G310 Applied statistics The application of statistical techniques to functional areas.
G311 Medical statistics The application of statistical techniques to the collection and analysis of numerical data relating to medicine.
G320 Probability The mathematical study of chance.
G330 Stochastic processes The mathematical study of systems and processes involving variables subject to random variations.
G340 Statistical modelling The use of statistical techniques in the modelling and simulation of 'real-world' systems or processes.
G350 Mathematical statistics Concerned with the mathematical theory and proofs forming the basis of probability and inference, and their applications to the collection, analysis and description of data.
G390 Statistics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Statistics categories. To be used sparingly.
G900 Others in mathematical sciences Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Mathematical sciences categories. To be uses sparingly.

H - Engineering

H100 General engineering The study of design, construction, maintenance and development of any device which uses the resources of nature to turn energy into productive and useful work.
H110 Integrated engineering The study of different branches of engineering and how they may interrelate.
H120 Safety engineering The study of engineering structures and the development and use of materials with particular emphasis on preventing injury or sickness.
H121 Fire safety engineering The study of engineering structures and the development and use of materials with particular emphasis on preventing injury or damage through fire.
H122 Water quality control The study of engineering structures and fluid mechanics with particular emphasis on improving and maintaining water supplies and the disposal of waste water. May include considerations of health, hygiene and recreational use.
H123 Public health engineering The study of engineering principles, design and construction, with particular emphasis on public health and safety.
H130 Computer-aided engineering The study and development of the use of computers with particular application to engineering problems. Includes aspects of software design and programming skills.
H131 Automated engineering design The study and development of the use of computers with particular application to engineering development and design. Includes aspects of software design and programming skills.
H140 Mechanics The study of the equilibrium of bodies or their motion within a particular frame of reference. May also be called Stress Analysis.
H141 Fluid mechanics The study of the mechanical and flow properties of fluids. May also be called Fluid Dynamics, Hydraulics or Hydrodynamics. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H142 Solid mechanics The study of the mechanical and static properties of solids. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H143 Structural mechanics The study of the equilibrium and motion of structures either of themselves or influenced by forces outside them. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H150 Engineering design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the development of electronic or manufacturing engineering tools.
H160 Bioengineering, biomedical engineering & clinical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to biological and bio-medical systems.
H161 Biomaterials The design, study and construction of materials for interaction with living systems. Includes medical materials.
H162 Biomechanics (including fluid & solid mechanics) The study of how cells, tissues and organisms generate and respond to forces.
H163 Bioelectronics & bioelectricity The study of electrical phenomena in living systems.
H164 Rehabilitation engineering The development and study of assistive devices including prosthetics that can promote or substitute for lost or reduced functional capabilities.
H165 Tissue engineering & regenerative medicine The use of engineering principles to design and manufacture replacement tissues.
H166 Imaging The use of physical and engineering principles to create devices, systems and algorithms to visualise biological and medical structures and functions.
H167 Biosensors The design, development and study of devices that detect, record and transmit information regarding a physiological change in the body or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment.
H168 Medical devices & instrumentation The design and development of devices used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, monitoring or treatment of disease.
H169 Neural engineering The use of engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, enhance or treat the disease of the nervous system; and the design of systems and devices based on the nervous system.
H190 General engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other General Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
H200 Civil engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the designing and construction of public works, e.g. buildings, bridges, pipelines etc. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H210 Structural engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design and construction of physical shapes and forms. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H220 Environmental engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the sympathetic use of natural resources.
H221 Energy resources The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the development and exploitation of various forms of energy, e.g. wind, water, solar etc. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H222 Coastal decay The study and principles of engineering as they apply to coastal and off-shore structures and the prevention of damage, decay and erosion to the natural environment. Includes the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H223 Environmental impact assessment The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the assessment and repair of insensitive environmental exploitation or natural upheaval.
H230 Transport engineering The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the planning, development and construction of the routes for any form of terrestrial transport.
H231 Permanent way engineering The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the planning, development and construction of the routes for rail transport.
H232 Pavement engineering The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the planning, development and construction of the routes for road transport.
H240 Surveying science The study and practice of measuring altitudes, angles and distances on the land surface so that they can be accurately plotted on a map. May include the use of satellite information. Includes the setting out on the ground of the positions of proposed structures.
H241 General practice surveying The study and practice of measuring altitudes, angles and distances on the land surface in order to discover the land contours and plot constructions accordingly.
H242 Engineering surveying The study and practice of measuring altitudes, angles and distances on the land surface in order to plan sites and constructions. Includes specialist underwater surveying techniques.
H250 Geotechnical engineering The study and practice of discovering the formation, arrangement and structure of the rocks of the Earth's crust by means of sonic investigation. Includes the design of earth structures, e.g. dams and foundations of built structures.
H290 Civil engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Civil Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
H300 Mechanical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, development manufacture and operation of machinery.
H310 Dynamics The study of the forces that change or produce the motion of bodies. May include the study of kinetics.
H311 Thermodynamics The study of the interrelationship and interconversion of different forms of energy. Includes the study of the effects of pressure, temperature etc. May also be called Heat Exchange Technology. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H320 Mechanisms & machines The study of the assembly and structure of moving parts arranged to transmit or modify force in order to perform some function.
H321 Turbine technology The study of the conversion of the kinetic energy of a moving fluid via a rotating blade into mechanical energy. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H330 Automotive engineering The study of mechanical self propulsion in vehicles.
H331 Road vehicle engineering The study of mechanical self propulsion in road vehicles.
H332 Rail vehicle engineering The study of mechanical self propulsion in rail vehicles.
H333 Ship propulsion engineering The study of mechanical self propulsion in floating vessels.
H340 Acoustics & vibration The study of oscillation and resonance.
H341 Acoustics The study of sound and sound waves.
H342 Vibration The study of periodic motion about an equilibrium position.
H350 Offshore engineering The study and principles of engineering as they apply to the construction of structures sited in the sea and their interaction with wind and waves. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H360 Electromechanical engineering The study of electrically-operated mechanical devices.
H390 Mechanical engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous group for related subjects which do not fit into other Mechanical Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
H400 Aerospace engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to aircraft and spacecraft in the atmosphere and in space. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H410 Aeronautical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of aircraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H411 Air passenger transport engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of passenger-carrying aircraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H412 Air freight transport engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of freight-carrying aircraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H413 Air combat engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of combat aircraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H420 Astronautical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design, production and maintenance of spacecraft. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H430 Avionics The study of electronics as applied to aeronautics and astronautics. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H440 Aerodynamics The study of the flow properties of gases, especially the forces acting on a body passing through air, and the interaction of the body's deformation with the flow. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H441 Flight mechanics The study of natural or constructed bodies in flight; how they are affected and influenced by forces outside them. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H450 Propulsion systems The study of aerospace locomotion and its driving force. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H460 Aviation studies The study of the technical aspects of flying and navigation.
H490 Aerospace engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Aerospace Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
H500 Naval architecture The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to ships and their reaction to water and its pressures. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H510 Shipbuilding The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of ships and boats. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H511 Surface passenger ship building The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of passenger-carrying ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H512 Surface freight ship building The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of freight-carrying ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H513 Surface combat ship building The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of combat ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H514 Submarine building The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the production and maintenance of ships which float on or under the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H520 Ship design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of floating vessels. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H521 Surface passenger ship design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of passenger-carrying ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H522 Surface freight ship design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of freight-carrying ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H523 Surface combat ship design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of combat ships which float on or above the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H524 Submarine design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of ships which float on or under the surface of the water. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H590 Naval architecture not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Naval Architecture categories. To be used sparingly.
H600 Electronic & electrical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the practical uses of electricity. Involves the study of charged particles.
H610 Electronic engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to devices whereby electrons are conducted through a semi-conductor, free space or gas. Closely linked with electrical engineering.
H611 Microelectronic engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to microcircuits.
H612 Integrated circuit design The study of the most efficient processing of semiconductor material to form integrated circuits.
H620 Electrical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the practical uses of electrical systems. Involves the study of charged particles. Closely linked with electronic engineering.
H630 Electrical power The study of the rates at which electrical energy is fed into or taken from a device or system. Involves the study and application of specialist mathematics.
H631 Electrical power generation The study and development of techniques for producing electricity.
H632 Electrical power distribution The study and development of electromotive forces and techniques for distributing electricity.
H640 Communications engineering The study and principles of engineering as they apply to electronic engineering.
H641 Telecommunications engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the telephonic or telegraphic communication of audio, video or other information (e.g. data) by means of radio waves, optical or electrical signals.
H642 Broadcast engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the equipment required to transmit audio or video information for radio and/or television programmes.
H643 Satellite engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to man-made devices orbiting the earth for communication purposes.
H644 Microwave engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to electromagnetic radiation or very short length radio waves used for transmitting and collecting information.
H650 Systems engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to an assembly of electrical, electronic and mechanical components with interdependent functions.
H651 Digital circuit engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to discrete values of input and output voltage levels.
H652 Analogue circuit engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to voltages or currents used to measure or represent quantities.
H660 Control systems The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to electrical and electronic methods of measurement, regulation and operation.
H661 Instrumentation control The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the electronic manipulation of tools.
H662 Control by light systems The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the manipulation of tools by visible electromagnetic radiation.
H670 Robotics & cybernetics The study of the relationship between biological systems and man-made systems designed and created to mimic them.
H671 Robotics The study of designing, building and use of robots.
H672 Cybernetics The study of control systems in electronic and mechanical devices and the extent to which comparisons can be made between man-made and biological systems.
H674 Virtual reality engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to computer-generated environments.
H680 Optoelectronic engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to devices in which an optical input produces electrical output or in which electrical stimulation produces visible, ultraviolet or infrared output.
H690 Electronic & electrical engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Electronic and Electrical Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
H700 Production & manufacturing engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the management and control of factory and workshop techniques and the industrial developments in technology and materials.
H710 Manufacturing systems engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to electrical and electronic methods of manufacture.
H711 Manufacturing systems design The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design of new and/or replacement production-line technology.
H712 Manufacturing installation systems The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the design and installation of production-line technology.
H713 Production processes The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to efficient application of production-line technology.
H714 Manufacturing systems maintenance The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the maintenance of production-line technology.
H720 Quality assurance engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the creation of models from which conclusions about real situations can be researched.
H730 Mechatronics The study of electronics as applied to the development of symbiotic software/hardware technology.
H790 Production & manufacturing engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Production and Manufacturing Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
H800 Chemical, process & energy engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the industrial use and exploitation of chemical and atomic energy.
H810 Chemical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial processing to produce food, pharmaceuticals, plastics, petroleum products etc., and alternatives to them.
H811 Biochemical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial production of organic chemical compounds such as proteins and enzymes.
H812 Pharmaceutical engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial preparation of drugs.
H820 Atomic engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial use and development of atoms and atomic energy.
H821 Nuclear engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial use and development of nuclear energy.
H830 Chemical process engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to industrial processes, particularly continuous ones, such as the production of petrochemicals.
H831 Bioprocess engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to biological processes in industry.
H840 Gas engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to gases and their production and use.
H850 Petroleum engineering The study of the principles of engineering as they apply to the extraction, processing and refining of petroleum.
H890 Chemical, process & energy engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Chemical, Process and Energy Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
H900 Others in engineering Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
H990 Engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Engineering categories. To be used sparingly.

I - Computer Sciences

I100 Computer science The study of the design and application of electronic computer systems, including computer architectures, software and systems design.
I110 Computer architectures & operating systems The study of the systemic structure of computer systems and the associated software which facilitates the efficient co-ordination and use of the component units.
I111 Computer architectures The study of the systemic structure of computer systems.
I112 Operating systems The study of software which is designed to facilitate the efficient co-ordination and use of system components.
I113 Displays & imaging The study of the software, hardware and mathematical tools used to represent, display and manipulate computer graphics.
I114 High end computing The study of high-performance computing using supercomputers and clusters to solve advanced computational problems.
I115 Parallel computing The study of simultaneous calculations for complex computations.
I120 Networks & communications The study of computer network systems and computer communications techniques/protocols.
I130 Computational science foundations The study of the fundamental laws or principles underpinning the design, construction and use of computer systems.
I140 Human-computer interaction The study, design and application of principles and techniques aimed at optimising the interaction between computer systems and their human users.
I150 Multimedia computing science The area of computer science concerned with the computer controlled delivery of information in a variety of forms, including text, pictures, video, graphics and animation. Often associated with information presentation on the Internet.
I160 Internet The study of internet-related computing including Cloud Computing.
I161 e-business The study of the nature of e-business, its system components and applications.
I190 Computer science not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Computer science categories. To be used sparingly.
I200 Information systems The study, design or application of computer systems which capture, process and transmit information.
I210 Information modelling Concerned with the modelling of information flows within an organisation and how these flows can be optimised and incorporated into the design of a large-scale computer system.
I220 Systems design methodologies The study of standard methodologies for the design of large-scale computer systems.
I230 Systems analysis & design The study of the principles and techniques for the design and implementation of large-scale computer systems.
I240 Databases The study, design or application of information systems which act as structured repositories for large amounts of information.
I250 Systems auditing The study and development of techniques for inspecting, correcting and verifying information systems.
I260 Data management The management of computer systems which capture, process and transmit data.
I270 Intelligent & expert systems The study of digitally-based products and systems within manufactured goods, including telematic devices, human interfaces and reasoning for computing systems.
I290 Systems analysis & design not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Systems analysis & design categories. To be used sparingly.
I300 Software engineering The study of techniques and principles for the design, construction, testing and maintenance of computer programs to satisfy the requirements of specific operational problems.
I310 Software design Concerned with the design of computer instruction sets to satisfy the requirements of specific operational problems.
I320 Programming Concerned with the conversion of designs into computer instruction sets in order to satisfy the requirements of specific operational problems.
I321 Procedural programming Programming using procedural computer languages and environments, e.g. Pascal, Fortran, Cobol.
I322 Object-oriented programming Programming using object-oriented programming languages and environments.
I323 Declarative programming Programming using declarative programming languages, e.g. Prolog, Miranda.
I390 Software engineering not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Software engineering categories. To be used sparingly.
I400 Artificial intelligence The study of principles and techniques for the computer-based simulation and modelling of intelligent animal behaviour patterns.
I410 Speech & natural language processing The study of principles and techniques for the computer-based modelling and simulation of the human use of language.
I420 Knowledge representation Concerned with principles and methodologies for the capture, representation, storage and application of human knowledge in a computer system.
I430 Neural computing The study of computer-based hardware and software constructs which aim to model and simulate the salient features of animal nervous systems.
I440 Computer vision The study and development of digital image perception.
I450 Cognitive modelling The study and development of the processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
I460 Machine learning The study and development of techniques whereby machines may gain knowledge through experience, deduction or reasoning.
I461 Automated reasoning The study and development of techniques whereby machines may draw conclusions from facts and experience.
I490 Artificial intelligence not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Artificial intelligence categories. To be used sparingly.
I500 Health informatics The study and design of systems for information capture, processing and use in healthcare.
I510 Health technologies The study of health technology methods used to promote health, prevent and treat disease and improve rehabilitation or long-term care.
I520 Bioinformatics The study of the application of computer-based technologies and services to biological, biomedical, and biotechnology research.
I530 Tele healthcare The study of tele healthcare technology to enable a flexible, integrated approach to health and social care services.
I590 Health informatics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Health Informatics categories. To be used sparingly.
I600 Games The study of computer science games.
I610 Computer games programming The study of games programming, methods of interaction and console architectures.
I620 Computer games design The study of the use of artistic and visual communication techniques in the design and production of computer games.
I630 Computer games graphics The study of the use of visual communications and graphics technologies in the design and production of computer games.
I700 Computer generated visual & audio effects The study of the production of computer generated special visual and/or audio effects for use in static or moving image sequences.
I710 Computer generated imagery The study of the particular techniques associated with the creation of illusion of movement in static or moving image sequences by the use of computer generated imagery.
I900 Others in Computer sciences
I990 Computer sciences not elsewhere classified

J - Technologies

J100 Minerals technology The study of the production of minerals and metals and their separation from other elements contained within mineral deposits.
J110 Mining The study of the extraction and processing of minerals and metals.
J120 Quarrying The study of the extraction and processing of stone.
J130 Rock mechanics The study of stress, elasticity, failure criteria and plasticity of the upper layers of the Earth's crust.
J140 Minerals processing The processing of minerals and metals from their raw or ore states.
J150 Minerals surveying The analysis of the Earth's upper crust for the purposes of identifying minerals and metals.
J160 Petrochemical technology The extraction and processing of petrochemicals.
J190 Minerals technology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Minerals Technology categories. To be used sparingly.
J200 Metallurgy The study of the principles of minerals technology as they apply to the structure and properties of metals, their extraction, refining, alloys and manufacture. Involves practical element.
J210 Applied metallurgy Topics in metallurgy of commercial or social importance.
J220 Metallic fabrication The processes involved in the production and manufacture of metallic objects and structures.
J221 Pattern making The precision cutting of metals for use in the production of objects and structures.
J230 Corrosion technology The study and control of the corrosion of metals.
J290 Metallurgy not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Metallurgy categories. To be used sparingly.
J300 Ceramics & glass The study of the principles of minerals technology as they apply to clay and clay-based products. Stresses the use of the raw material rather than how it is extracted.
J310 Ceramics The study of the principles of minerals technology as they apply to ceramics. Stresses the use of the raw material rather than how it is extracted.
J320 Glass technology The study of the principles of minerals technology as they apply to glass and glass derivatives. Stresses the use of the raw material rather than how it is extracted.
J390 Ceramics & glass not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Ceramics and Glass categories. To be used sparingly.
J400 Polymers & textiles The study of molecular compounds or filaments. Stresses the use of the raw material rather than how it is extracted.
J410 Polymers technology The use and development of polymers.
J411 Plastics The use and development of plastics.
J420 Textiles technology The use and development of textiles.
J421 Textile chemistry The development of textiles from chemical compounds.
J422 Dying & colouring of textiles The study of dying and colouring agents and their application to textiles.
J430 Leather technology The study of the processing and use of leather. Includes tanning and methods of preserving leather.
J431 Tanning The conversion of raw hide into leather.
J440 Clothing production The study of the methods and processes used in the production of clothing.
J441 Machine knitting The study of the programming and operation of knitting machines.
J442 Commercial tailoring The making and adaptation of clothing to specific measurements.
J443 Pattern cutting The design and cutting of patterns from cloth.
J444 Millinery The design and production of hats.
J445 Footwear production The design and production of footwear.
J490 Polymers & textiles not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Polymers and Textiles categories. To be used sparingly.
J500 Materials technology not otherwise specified Grouping for any materials or materials-related technology which does not fit into the other Materials Technology categories.
J510 Materials technology The processing, storage and production of materials.
J511 Engineering materials The processing, storage and production of materials used in engineering.
J512 Paper technology The processing, storage and production of paper and paper-based materials.
J513 Furniture technology The processing, storage and production of materials used in furniture making.
J520 Printing The study of the processes involved in printing.
J521 Offset lithography The study of the processes involved in offset lithographic printing.
J522 Photo-lithography The study of the processes involved in photo-lithography.
J523 Reprographic techniques The study of the processes involved in reprographics.
J524 Screen process printing The study of the processes involved in screen process printing.
J530 Gemmology The processing, cutting and polishing of precious stones.
J590 Materials technology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other, specified, Materials Technology categories. To be used sparingly.
J600 Maritime technology The study of practical or mechanical sciences connected with the sea, involving marine technology, as it applies to industry or commerce.
J610 Marine technology The processes and systems used in boats, ships and other marine craft.
J611 Marine navigation The study of the specific processes involved in marine navigation.
J612 Marine radar The use of radar in boats, ships and other marine craft.
J613 Marine radio The use of radio and telecommunications systems in boats, ships and other marine craft.
J614 Marine plumbing The use of plumbing systems in boats, ships and other marine craft.
J690 Maritime technology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Maritime Technology categories. To be used sparingly.
J700 Biotechnology The use of biological processes or organisms for the production of materials and services. Biotechnology includes the use of techniques for the improvement of the characteristics of economically important plants and animals and for the development of micro-organisms to act on the environment.
J710 Plant biotechnology (crops, trees, shrubs etc.) Involves the molecular and microbial manipulation of plants.
J720 Animal biotechnology Involves the molecular and microbial manipulation of animals.
J730 Environmental biotechnology The integration of sciences and engineering in order to utilise the biochemical potential of microorganisms, plants and parts thereof for the restoration and preservation of the environment and for the sustainable use of resources.
J740 Industrial biotechnology The use of plants, microorganisms and their constituent molecular and biochemical components for use in potentially large-scale applications in industry.
J750 Medical biotechnology Biotechnology as applied to the development of human/veterinary diagnostic, therapeutic systems. Not Medical Technology.
J790 Biotechnology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Industrial Biotechnology categories. To be used sparingly.
J900 Others in technology Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Technologies categories. To be used sparingly.
J910 Energy technologies Technologies involved in the production, transmission and storage of energy.
J920 Ergonomics The study of the efficiency and effectiveness of the interface between people and machines.
J930 Audio technology The study of the systems and processes used in the manipulation and amplification of sound. Includes the recording of sound and/or music.
J931 Music recording The study of/training in the techniques required to obtain accurate and lifelike recordings of musical performances.
J940 Machinery maintenance The techniques and skills involved in the routine maintenance of machines.
J941 Office machinery maintenance The techniques and skills involved in the routine maintenance of office machinery.
J942 Industrial machinery maintenance The techniques and skills involved in the routine maintenance of industrial machinery.
J950 Musical instrument technology The study of the systems and processes used in the manufacture of musical instruments.
J960 Transport logistics The study of the optimal methods of mass distribution services.
J970 Emergency & disaster technologies The study of technical responses to emergencies and disasters.
J990 Technologies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Technology categories. To be used sparingly.

K - Architecture, Building and Planning

K100 Architecture The study of the design, construction and erection of structures. Combines design creativity with technical competence.
K110 Architectural design theory Design of buildings for human activity, taking into account both internal and external environmental factors.
K120 Interior architecture The study of enclosed spaces; design, implementation and materials.
K130 Architectural technology The theory and practice of advanced techniques and new materials in architectural design and construction.
K190 Architecture not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Architecture categories. To be used sparingly.
K200 Building The study of building materials and techniques. Includes building and environment law and economics, architectural engineering and quantity surveying.
K210 Building technology The understanding of building design and its relationship with production.
K220 Construction management The implementation of construction projects to the client's specification from inception to completion.
K230 Building surveying The analysis of a building's performance from design and construction, through to maintenance and repair.
K240 Quantity surveying The financial management of project design and construction, whether for client or contractor.
K250 Conservation of buildings The repair, restoration and preservation of old or damaged and/or culturally significant buildings including conservation technology.
K251 Property development The practical and theoretical study of property that is to be improved or altered in some way from its original purpose, or to be modernised or expanded within its current purpose.
K290 Building not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Building categories. To be used sparingly.
K300 Landscape & garden design The study of the design, construction and management of land-based space and scenery.
K310 Landscape architecture The study of the planning, design, construction and management of large land-based spaces within the context of human activity in the urban or natural environment.
K320 Landscape studies The planning and management of the built and natural environment as landscape.
K330 Landscape design The study of the design, construction and management of domestic land-based space and scenery. Includes buildings within the landscape and the habitat surrounding them.
K340 Garden design The study of the design, construction and management of public and private gardens.  
K341 Garden horticulture The study of horticulture with specific reference to public and private gardens.
K390 Landscape & garden design not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Landscape & garden design categories. To be used sparingly.
K400 Planning (urban, rural & regional) The study of the interaction between town and country land use. Includes the use of land for building.
K410 Regional planning The preparation of strategic plans for the development of a region.
K420 Urban & rural planning The planning of the infrastructure and development of settlements, including new towns and the management of change.
K421 Urban planning The planning of the infrastructure, development and management of settlement in towns.
K422 Rural planning The planning of the infrastructure, development and management of settlement in the country.
K430 Planning studies Reconciliation of the dynamics of the economic, environmental and social effects in the planning context.
K440 Urban studies The interaction of the planning process and management policies on the built environment.
K450 Housing The development and management of housing projects in the private and social sectors and in land use planning.
K460 Transport planning The development and management of transportation systems.
K490 Planning (urban, rural & regional) not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Planning (Urban, Rural and Regional) categories. To be used sparingly.
K900 Others in architecture, building & planning Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Architecture, Building and Planning categories. To be used sparingly.
K990 Architecture, building & planning not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Architecture, Building and Planning categories. To be used sparingly.

L - Social Studies

L100 Economics The systematic study of the production, conservation and allocation of resources in conditions of scarcity, together with the organisational frameworks related to these processes.
L110 Applied economics The study of the application of economic principles and analytical techniques to the study of particular industries, activities or the exploitation of particular resources.
L111 Financial economics The study of the application of economic principles and analytical techniques in the area of finance.
L112 Agricultural economics The study of the application of economic principles and analytical techniques in the area of agriculture.
L113 Economic policy The study of the application of economic principles and analytical techniques in the area of government policy.
L120 Microeconomics The study of the branch of economics concerned with particular commodities, firms or individuals and the economic relationships between them.
L130 Macroeconomics The study of the economic environment within which firms and individuals may operate.
L140 Econometrics The study of the systematic mathematical and statistical analysis of economic phenomena and problems.
L150 Political economics The study of the branch of economics which deals with the economic implications of political policy.
L160 International economics The systematic study and analysis of international commercial behaviour and trade policy.
L170 Economic systems The study of economic systems based upon particular doctrines.
L171 Capitalism The study of the economic system which is based upon the private ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange.
L172 Monetarism The study of the system based upon the theory that an economy can be regulated by means of central control of the money supply.
L173 Keynesianism The system based upon the idea that governments can manage economies by influencing the level of aggregate demand.
L174 Collectivism The study of the system based upon the principle of ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange by the state, or the people.
L190 Economics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Economics categories. To be used sparingly.
L200 Politics The study of activities related to the institution of the state and the machinery of government or the method through which social conflict is expressed and attempts to resolve conflict are made.
L210 Political theories Collections of ideas that seek to explain the organisation of society and/or resolve conflicts within society.
L211 Liberalism Political doctrine that emphasises the freedom of the individual and individual rights while minimising the need for external constraints.
L212 Conservatism Political doctrine that emphasises the need for ordered control of society through the organisation of the state and the upholding of existing traditions and values.
L213 Socialism Political doctrine that espouses social organisation of society based on co-operation, collectivism, egalitarianism and the communal ownership of the means of production.
L214 Nationalism Political doctrine that promotes the self-determination of the nation.
L215 Fascism Political doctrine that emphasises the dominance and the hierarchical authoritarian organisation of the state.
L216 Feminism Political doctrine that highlights and attempts to reverse any inequalities in society based on gender differences.
L217 Environmentalism Political doctrine that believes that human life can only be understood in the context of the natural world and that progress lies in the preservation of the natural environment.
L218 Anarchism Political doctrine that advocates the abolition of central authority so that a more natural social order can develop.
L220 Political systems The study of the organisation and functions of various methods of government.
L221 Autocracy The system of government that embodies the rule of an individual with unrestricted authority.
L222 Democracy The system of government based on the consent of the governed.
L223 Plutocracy The system of government that embodies the rule of the wealthy.
L224 Oligarchy The system of government that embodies the rule of the few over the many.
L230 UK government/parliamentary studies The examination of the structure and function of the UK system of government.
L231 Public administration The study of the functions and structure of those bodies concerned with the administrative duties of government.
L232 UK constitutional studies The examination of the nature, content, implications and role of the UK constitution in the UK system of government.
L240 International politics The study of political structures, functions and theories among the international community.
L241 European Union politics The study of the structures, functions and theories of politics within the European Union.
L242 Commonwealth politics The study of the structures, functions and theories of politics within the Commonwealth.
L243 Politics of a specific country/region The study of the structures, functions and theories of politics within a specific country or region.
L244 International constitutional studies The examination of the nature, content, implications and role of constitutions in international systems of government.
L250 International relations The study of the interaction between members of the international community.
L251 Strategic studies The study of strategies designed to promote and defend the autonomy and interests of a country within the international community.
L252 War & peace studies The examination of the procedures and processes that contribute to war or peace.
L253 International criminology The study of the interaction between members of the international criminal justice community.
L260 Comparative politics The comparative study of differing political structures, political functions and political theories.
L290 Politics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Politics categories. To be used sparingly.
L300 Sociology The systematic study of human social institutions and social relationships.
L310 Applied sociology The study of the application of sociological principles and techniques to particular social institutions or types of social relationship.
L311 Applied criminology The study of the application of criminological principles and techniques to particular social institutions, relationships or problems.
L312 Victimology The study of the conceptualisation and role of the victim within the criminal justice system.
L320 Gender studies The study of the sociological influence of gender.
L321 Women's studies The study of the role and influence of women in society.
L322 Men's studies The study of the role and influence of men in society.
L330 Ethnic studies The study of the sociological influence of ethnicity.
L340 Disability in society The study of the sociological influence of disability.
L350 Religion in society The study of the sociological influence of religion.
L360 Socio-economics The study of the interrelationship between sociological and economic factors.
L370 Social theory The study of the concept of social behaviour.
L371 Social hierarchy The study of social stratification.
L380 Political sociology The study of the sociological dimensions of politics.
L390 Sociology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Sociology categories. To be used sparingly.
L391 Sociology of science & technology The study of the influence of new scientific and technological developments on society.
L400 Social policy The study of the policies of institutions which are designed to modify the balance of sociological factors.
L410 UK social policy The study of the policies of UK institutions which are designed to modify the balance of sociological factors.
L420 International social policy The study of the policies of international institutions which are designed to modify the balance of sociological factors.
L430 Public policy The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to influence sociological factors.
L431 Health policy The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to influence the public health of societies.
L432 Welfare policy The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to provide support for vulnerable and under-privileged members of society.
L433 Education policy The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to provide for the educational needs of society.
L434 Transport policy The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to provide for the transportation needs of society.
L435 Security policy The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to uphold and defend the structure and authority of the state.
L436 Emergency services policy The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to support the emergency services.
L437 Criminal justice policy The study of policies implemented by local and central governments to influence and support criminal justice in society.
L490 Social policy not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Social Policy categories. To be used sparingly.
L500 Social work The study of the organised means of providing basic support services for vulnerable/under-privileged individuals and/or groups.
L510 Health & welfare The study of Social Work services aimed at support of the health and welfare of vulnerable/under-privileged individuals and/or groups.
L520 Child care The study of Social Work services aimed at support of vulnerable/under-privileged children in society.
L530 Youth work The study of Social Work services aimed at support of vulnerable/under-privileged youths in society.
L540 Community work The study of Social Work services aimed at support of vulnerable/under-privileged people within particular communities in society.
L541 Community justice The study of voluntary sector services aimed at the support of victims and/or provision to offenders.
L550 Careers guidance The study of the provision of support services aimed at helping people to make informed and rational career decisions.
L560 Probation/after-care The study of the provision of services aimed at supervising criminal offenders and supporting their rehabilitation into society following punishment.
L590 Social work not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Social Work categories. To be used sparingly.
L600 Anthropology The study of human beings, their antecedents and related primates, and their cultural behaviour and institutions, in comparative perspective.
L610 Social & cultural anthropology The branch of Anthropology that deals with social phenomena such as kinship systems or beliefs.
L611 Criminological theory The systematic study of crime, criminal behaviour, causes and prevention.
L620 Physical & biological anthropology The branch of Anthropology that deals with physical and biological factors in societies.
L690 Anthropology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Anthropology categories. To be used sparingly.
L700 Human & social geography The systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life.
L710 Human & social geography by area The systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in a particular area.
L711 Human & social geography of Europe The systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the European continent.
L712 Human & social geography of Asia The systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the Asian continent.
L713 Human & social geography of Africa The systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the African continent.
L714 Human & social geography of Australasia The systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the Australasian continent.
L715 Human & social geography of the Americas The systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the American continent.
L716 Human & social geography of the Arctic/Antarctic The systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life in the Arctic and Antarctic continents.
L720 Human & social geography by topic The study of particular topics within Human and Social Geography.
L721 Economic geography The study of the relationship between economic factors and the distribution and interaction of people with the natural environment.
L722 Urban geography The study of the relationship between people and the environment in towns and cities.
L723 Political geography The study of the influence of political factors in the distribution of populations and their effect on the environment.
L724 Transport geography The study of the influence of travel and transport on populations and the environment.
L725 Historical geography The study of earlier and continuing topographical, topological and social developments and their influence on populations and the environment.
L726 Cultural geography The study of the influence of beliefs and value systems on populations and the environment.
L727 Agricultural geography The study of agricultural influences on populations and the environment.
L728 Human Demography The statistical study of any kind of human population that changes over time or space. Includes the study of the size, structure and distribution of human populations and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death.
L790 Human & social geography not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Human and Social Geography categories. To be used sparingly.
L800 Development studies The study of global and local processes of cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, political, technological and social change in low and middle income parts of the world, with particular reference to structures and institutions, the changing relationships between developed and developing countries and the critical interrogation of theories of these processes and relationships, and of development policy.
L900 Others in social studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Social studies categories. To be used sparingly.
L990 Social studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Social studies categories. To be used sparingly.

M - Law

M100 Law by area The study of the law as defined in particular geographic regions.
M110 UK legal systems The study of the law of the United Kingdom.
M111 English law The study of the Law of England.
M112 Welsh law The study of the law of Wales.
M113 Northern Irish law The study of the law of Northern Ireland.
M114 Scottish law The study of the law of Scotland.
M120 European Union law The study of European law.
M130 Public international law The study of the law governing countries beyond the boundaries of the European Union.
M140 Comparative law The study of different legal structures and systems.
M190 Law by area not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Law by Area categories. To be used sparingly.
M200 Law by topic The study of particular aspects of law.
M210 Public law The study of the definition and application of public law.
M211 Criminal law The study of the definition and application of criminal law.
M220 Private law The study of the definition and application of private law.
M221 Business & commercial law The study of the definition and application of business and commercial law.
M222 Contract law The study of the law of contracts.
M223 Property law The study of the law of property.
M224 Torts The study of civil wrongs and injuries.
M240 Jurisprudence The science or philosophy of law.
M250 Legal practice The study of the duties and requirements of legal representation.
M260 Medical law The study of the law relating to the practice of medicine.
M270 Sociology of law The study of legal phenomena from a social and inter-disciplinary perspective bridging the divide between law, sociology, social policy and economics.
M290 Law by topic not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Law by Topic categories. To be used sparingly.
M900 Others in law Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Law categories. To be used sparingly.
M990 Law not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Law categories. To be used sparingly.

N - Business and Administrative Studies

N100 Business studies The study of organisations and the environment in which they operate.
N110 European business studies The study of organisations and their operations within Europe.
N120 International business studies The study of organisations and their operations throughout the world.
N190 Business studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Business studies categories. To be used sparingly.
N200 Management studies The study of managing organisations.
N210 Management techniques The specific techniques for managing an organisation.
N211 Strategic management The techniques involved in the formation and implementation of a strategy within an organisation.
N212 Creative management Techniques for creative problem solving and the management of creativity in others.
N213 Project management The techniques specific to the planning, managing and monitoring of projects.
N214 Change management The specific techniques involved in the planning and management of change within an organisation.
N215 Organisational development The techniques involved in the development of an organisation's physical and human resources, structure and culture.
N220 Institutional management The study of the specific techniques required for the management of specific types of institutions.
N223 Domestic management The specific management techniques involved in the management of homes for the elderly or infirm, children's' homes, and other care homes.
N224 Management & organisation of education The study of the personnel and administration necessary for the efficient organisation of an education establishment. May include investigation of disparate subjects such as office skills, book-keeping, interpersonal skills, child welfare etc.
N225 Criminal justice management The study of the personnel and administration necessary for the efficient organisation of policing and the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders.
N230 Land & property management The techniques involved in the management of land, buildings and similar physical resources.
N231 Land management The techniques involved in the management of land.
N232 Property management The techniques involved in the management of buildings and other structures.
N234 Property valuation & auctioneering The specific techniques involved in the valuation and auctioneering of property.
N240 Retail management The specific techniques involved in the management of retail outlets.
N250 Emergency & disaster management The specific techniques for managing emergencies and disasters.
N251 Emergency services management The specific techniques involved in the management of emergency services.
N252 Disaster management The specific techniques required for the management of disasters.
N290 Management studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Management studies categories. To be used sparingly.
N300 Finance The study of financial systems, regulations and reporting.
N310 Banking The study of the banking industry.
N320 Investment & insurance The study of the investment and insurance industries and the techniques used therein.
N321 Investment The study of the investment industry and the techniques used therein.
N322 Insurance The study of the insurance industry and the techniques used therein.
N323 Actuarial science The application of statistical concepts within the financial industry.
N330 Taxation The study of the rules and operations of taxation systems.
N340 Financial management The study of the management of money, capital and credit.
N341 Financial risk The study of the risks involved in the handling of money, capital and credit.
N390 Finance not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Finance categories. To be used sparingly.
N400 Accounting The study of the rules, standards and methods of financial accounting within organisations.
N410 Accountancy The application of the rules, standards and methods of financial accounting within organisations.
N411 Cost & management accountancy The application cost and management accounting techniques within organisations.
N412 Public accountancy The application of accounting techniques that are specific to public sector organisations.
N413 Book keeping The techniques involved in recording financial information within organisations.
N420 Accounting theory The study of the theoretical basis of accounting practice.
N421 Auditing of accounts The specific techniques involved in auditing financial accounts.
N422 Financial reporting The study of specific techniques involved in explaining and disclosing transactions involving money, capital and credit.
N490 Accounting not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Accounting categories. To be used sparingly.
N500 Marketing The techniques involved in the management of an organisation's relationship with its customers and the world at large.
N510 Market research The specific techniques involved in the identification, definition and research of markets for an organisation's products or services.
N520 Sales management The specific techniques involved in the management of a sales function within an organisation.
N530 Distribution The techniques involved in delivering a product or service to a customer or end user.
N550 International marketing The specific techniques involved in marketing goods or services to other countries or cultures.
N560 Promotion & advertising The techniques involved in the promotion and advertising of an organisation or an organisation's products.
N561 Advertising The study of promotional displays, whether presented orally or visually, in order to sell items and services or to publicise events. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the production of the artwork and ideas themselves.
N562 Corporate image The study of the way an organisation is perceived by its members and the public. Includes the impact of promotional displays in order subliminally to recall a particular company or product.
N563 Sponsorship The study of the provision of funds for an activity or charity in order to gain publicity.
N590 Marketing not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Marketing categories. To be used sparingly.
N600 Human resource management The specific techniques involved in the management and development of an organisation's human resources.
N611 Industrial relations The specific techniques involved in the management of people in a situation involving trade unions or similar staff organisations.
N612 Staff development The specific techniques involved in the development of an organisation's human resources.
N613 Training methods The study of specific techniques involved in teaching within a business environment.
N614 Recruitment methods The study of specific techniques involved in recruitment.
N620 Health & safety issues The study of issues relating to health and safety in the workplace.
N690 Human resources management not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Human Resources Management categories. To be used sparingly.
N700 Office skills The generic skills involved in organisational administration.
N710 Office administration The skills involved in office administration and management.
N720 Secretarial & typing skills Generic secretarial skills.
N721 Audio typing The typing of documents from a spoken source.
N722 Shorthand & shorthand transcription Study of shorthand writing and transcription back into normal English.
N790 Office skills not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Office skills categories. To be used sparingly.
N800 Hospitality, leisure, sport, tourism & transport The study of travel, event management, tourism, transport, hospitality, recreation, sport management and leisure.
N810 Travel management The specific study of the travel industry, its structure, regulation and distribution methods.
N820 Event management The study of managing one-off events such as conferences, shows and visits.
N830 Tourism The study of UK and international tourism.
N831 Tourism studies The study of the impact and development of tourism.
N832 Tourism management The study of the management of tourism.
N850 Transport studies The study of the organisation and management of transport systems.
N851 Land travel The study of the organisation and management of land-based transport systems. Includes transport by rivers, lakes and canals.
N852 Sea travel The study of the organisation and management of salt-water transport systems.
N853 Air travel The study of the organisation and management of air transport systems.
N860 Hospitality The study of the provision of food, drink and accommodation in a service context. Includes event management.
N861 Hospitality studies The study of the nature and provision of hospitality.
N862 Hospitality management The study of the hospitality industry and its management.
N870 Recreation & leisure studies The study of the nature, provision and impact of recreation and leisure and their management and development.
N871 Spa management The study of the organisation and management of spas.
N872 Salon management The study of the organisation and management of salons.
N880 Sport management The study of management theories, concepts and principles of practice in the context of sport industries, organisations and initiatives.
N890 Hospitality, leisure, sport, tourism & transport not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Hospitality, leisure, sport, tourism & transport categories. To be used sparingly.
N900 Others in business & administrative studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Business and Administrative studies categories. To be used sparingly.
N990 Business & administrative studies not elsewhere classified

P - Mass Communication & Documentation

P100 Information services The study of the administration of information resources and services. Includes the collection, sorting and ordering of data and information. Encompasses the cataloguing of sources and the arrangement of archives. May include care, management and organisation of exhibits.
P110 Information management The study of the specification, use and availability of information services.
P120 Librarianship The training of professional library staff in the administration of library resources and services.
P121 Library studies The study of the professional administration of library resources and services. Includes the collecting and cataloguing of information and archives.
P130 Curatorial studies The training of professional museum staff in the administration of museum resources and services.
P131 Museum studies The study of the professional administration, management and creation of museum resources and services. May include the care, management and organisation of exhibits, gallery studies, installations, outdoor and indoor collections and promotion.
P132 Archive studies The study of the professional administration of archive resources and services. Includes the collecting and cataloguing of information.
P190 Information services not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Information Services categories. To be used sparingly.
P200 Publicity studies The study of the transmission of information and/or knowledge. Includes study of the techniques of attracting attention. May include media practices and production, cultural differences and communication on an individual, group or national basis.
P210 Public relations The study of creating, promoting and maintaining a favourable image among the public towards an individual or organisation.
P290 Publicity studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Publicity studies categories. To be used sparingly.
P300 Media studies The study of communication between people through broadcasting, cinema, the press and by electronic means. May involve the study of the media industry, technical innovations and the role of audiences.
P301 Television studies The study of communication between people through television. May involve study of the television industry, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the production of the artwork and ideas themselves.
P302 Radio studies The study of communication between people through radio. May involve study of the radio industry, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the production of the artwork and ideas themselves.
P303 Film studies The study of communication between people through film. May involve study of the film industry, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the production of the artwork and ideas themselves.
P304 Electronic media studies The study of the communication of people through electronic media. May involve study of the internet, World Wide Web, technical innovations and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the equipment and technology.
P305 Paper-based media studies The study of the communication between people through paper-based media. May involve the study of books, newspapers and magazines, technical development and the role of audiences. Concentrates on business, management and financial aspects and not on the printing and technical expertise.
P310 Media production The study of the organisation and presentation of media events.
P311 Television production The study of the organisation and presentation of events on television.
P312 Radio production The study of the organisation and presentation of events on radio.
P313 Film production The study of the organisation and presentation of events on film.
P390 Media studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Media studies categories. To be used sparingly.
P400 Publishing The study of the production, distribution and sale of information made available by printed, electronic or other means.
P410 Electronic publishing The study of the production, distribution and sale of information by electronic means.
P411 Publishing on audio/video tape The study of the production, distribution and sale of information on audio/video tape.
P412 Publishing on CD-ROM The study of the production, distribution and sale of information on CD-ROM.
P413 Publishing via the World Wide Web The study of the production, distribution and sale of information via the world wide web.
P420 Multimedia publishing The study of the production, distribution and sale of information in a variety of ways, in sequence or parallel.
P430 Interactive publishing The study of the production, distribution and sale of information which the recipient, with the right equipment, is able to interrogate and manipulate.
P490 Publishing not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Publishing categories. To be used sparingly.
P500 Journalism The study of reporting, photographing and editing news stories. Includes the ownership and control of the press and the power it conveys. Also includes study of political, ethical and economic influences.
P510 Factual reporting The study of the dissemination of factual information.
P590 Journalism not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Journalism categories. To be used sparingly.
P900 Others in mass communications & documentation Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Mass Communications and Documentation categories. To be used sparingly.
P990 Mass communications & documentation not elsewhere classified

Q - Linguistics, Classics and Related Subjects

Q100 Linguistics The study of the nature of language, its development and acquisition. May involve some study of human vocal anatomy.
Q110 Applied linguistics The investigation of the acquisition of language and how to improve it. Includes study of language impairment and how to remedy it. Also includes Language Pathology.
Q120 Historical linguistics The study of the structure and development of languages, now dead, which form the root of modern languages. May also be called Philology.
Q130 Phonetics & phonology The study of speech and language from the point of view of sound analysis.
Q131 Phonetics The study of speech processes, including the production, perception and analysis of speech sound. Includes speech acoustics, anatomy and physiology.
Q132 Phonology The study of the sound systems of languages.
Q140 Sociolinguistics The study of socially-conditioned factors in language and language use.
Q150 Psycholinguistics The study of cognition and the effects of psychology on linguistic understanding and ability.
Q160 British Sign Language The study of British Sign language, its structure, history, grammar and use. This may include the study of the British deaf community and culture and interpretation between BSL and English. May also include the linguistic study of BSL and comparison with other signed and spoken languages.
Q190 Linguistics not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Linguistics categories. To be used sparingly.
Q200 Comparative literary studies The study of the writers, literatures and literary history of various countries and languages using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q210 Literature in translation The study, analysis and interpretation of literature translated into a language other than the one in which it was originally written.
Q220 Literature in its original language The study, analysis and interpretation of literature written in a language other than English.
Q290 Comparative literary studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Comparative Literary studies categories. To be used sparingly.
Q300 English studies The study of the English language and literature originally written in English using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. May involve studying the structure of the language, its history, grammar and use.
Q310 English language The study of the history, grammar and use of English. Includes pronunciation and articulation.
Q320 English literature The study of literature originally written in English. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q321 English literature by period The study of English Literature written within a particular chronological period.
Q322 English literature by author The study of the works of a particular author of English Literature.
Q323 English literature by topic The study of English Literature written describing particular cultures, societies, skills, periods of history, etc.
Q330 English as a second language The study of the structure and acquisition of English from the point of view of a non-native speaker. Includes pronunciation and articulation.
Q340 English literature written as a second language The study of English Literature written by authors whose native language is not English.
Q350 Scots language The study of the history, grammar and use of Scots. Includes pronunciation and articulation.
Q360 Scots literature The study of literature originally written in Scots. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q370 Irish language The study of the history, grammar and use of Irish. Includes pronunciation and articulation.
Q380 Irish literature The study of literature originally written in Irish. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q390 English studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other English studies categories. To be used sparingly.
Q400 Ancient language studies The study of ancient languages, their structure and semantics. May involve investigation into their linguistic, social and/or religious significance and their position as the basis for modern languages.
Q410 Ancient Egyptian The study of the structure, semantics, cultural significance and hieroglyphics of ancient Egyptian.
Q411 Coptic The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the Afro-Asiatic language descended from ancient Egyptian and surviving in the Coptic church.
Q420 Classical Arabic The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of classical Arabic.
Q430 Akkadian The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the East Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language used in central Mesopotamia.
Q440 Sumerian The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the language of the Sumer civilisation which bears no known relationship to any other language.
Q450 Sanskrit The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the oldest recorded branch of the Indic branch of the Indo-European ancient language of India.
Q460 Prakrit The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the ancient vernacular language of India.
Q470 Aramaic The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the ancient language of the Middle-East.
Q480 Hebrew The study of the structure, semantics and cultural significance of the ancient language of the Jews.
Q490 Ancient language studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Ancient Language studies categories. To be used sparingly.
Q500 Celtic studies The study of Celtic culture and its literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Involves language study and/or comparison between languages.
Q510 Ancient Celtic studies The study of ancient Celtic culture and its literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Involves language study and/or comparison between languages.
Q520 Modern Celtic studies The study of modern Celtic culture and its literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Involves language study and/or comparison between languages.
Q521 Goidelic group of languages The study of the northern group of Celtic languages, consisting of Scottish and Irish Gaelic and Manx. Involves study and comparison of literature and languages. May also be called Goidelic or Gadhelic.
Q522 Brythonic group of languages The study of the southern group of Celtic languages, consisting of Welsh, Cornish and Breton. Involves study and comparison of literature and languages. May also be called Brittonic.
Q530 Scottish Gaelic The study of the history, grammar and use of Scottish Gaelic. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q531 Scottish Gaelic literature The study of literature originally written in Scottish Gaelic. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q540 Irish Gaelic The study of the history, grammar and use of Irish Gaelic. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q541 Irish Gaelic literature The study of literature originally written in Irish Gaelic. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q550 Manx The study of the history, grammar and use of Manx. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q551 Manx literature The study of literature originally written in Manx. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q560 Welsh The study of the history, grammar and use of Welsh. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q561 Welsh literature The study of literature originally written in Welsh. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q570 Cornish The study of the history, grammar and use of Cornish. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q571 Cornish literature The study of literature originally written in Cornish. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q580 Breton The study of the history, grammar and use of the language of Brittany. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q581 Breton literature The study of literature originally written in Breton. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q590 Celtic studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Celtic studies categories. To be used sparingly.
Q600 Latin studies The study of Latin, its structure, history, grammar and use. May involve investigation into its relationship with modern day speech and language. May also involve the study of literature texts using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q610 Latin language The study of the history, grammar and use of Latin. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q611 Church Latin The study of the history, grammar and use of ecclesiastical Latin and how it differs from standard Latin. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q612 Medieval Latin The study of the history and grammar of vernacular Latin used in legal documents and how it differs from standard Latin. Includes acquisition and individual written forms.
Q620 Latin literature The study of literature originally written in Latin. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q630 Latin literature in translation The study of literature originally written in Latin and translated into English. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q690 Latin studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Latin studies categories. To be used sparingly.
Q700 Classical Greek studies The study of Classical Greek, its structure, history, grammar and use. May involve investigation into its relationship with modern day speech and language. May also involve the study of language texts using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q710 Classical Greek language The study of the history, grammar and use of Classical Greek. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q711 Classical Church Greek The study of the history, grammar and use of ecclesiastical Classical Greek and how it differs from standard Classical Greek. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q712 Late Greek The study of the history, grammar and use of the Greek used in Eastern churches and how it differs from standard Classical Greek. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
Q720 Classical Greek literature The study of literature originally written in Classical Greek. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q730 Classical Greek literature in translation The study of literature originally written in Classical Greek and translated into English. Includes the use of techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
Q790 Classical Greek studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Classical Greek studies categories. To be used sparingly.
Q800 Classical studies Study of the civilisation of Ancient Greece and Rome. May involve investigation into their relationship with modern day civilisation.
Q810 Classical reception The study of the impact of Greek and Roman literary and visual culture on subsequent cultures.
Q890 Classical studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Classical studies categories. To be used sparingly.
Q900 Others in linguistics, classics & related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Linguistics, Classics and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly.
Q910 Translation studies The study, analysis and interpretation of the techniques of translation from one language into another.
Q920 Translation theory The study, analysis and interpretation of the processes of translation from one language into another.
Q990 Linguistics, classics & related subjects not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Others in Linguistics, Classics and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly.

R - European Languages, Literature and Related Subjects

R100 French studies The study of the French Language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of French culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R110 French language The study of the French language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R120 French literature The study of French literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R130 French society & culture The study of French society and culture.
R190 French studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other French studies categories. To be used sparingly.
R200 German studies The study of the German language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of German culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R210 German language The study of the German language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R220 German literature The study of German literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R230 German society & culture The study of German society and culture.
R290 German studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other German studies categories. To be used sparingly.
R300 Italian studies The study of the Italian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Italian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R310 Italian language The study of the Italian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R320 Italian literature The study of Italian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R330 Italian society & culture The study of Italian society and culture.
R390 Italian studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Italian studies categories. To be used sparingly.
R400 Spanish studies The study of the Spanish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Spanish culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R410 Spanish language The study of the Spanish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R411 Spanish languages in other countries The study of the Spanish language, specific to its structure, history, grammar and use in countries other than Spain.
R420 Spanish literature The study of Spanish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R430 Spanish society & culture The study of Spanish society and culture.
R490 Spanish studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Spanish studies categories. To be used sparingly.
R500 Portuguese studies The study of the Portuguese language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Portuguese culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R510 Portuguese language The study of the Portuguese language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R511 Portuguese languages in other countries The study of the Portuguese language, specific to its structure, history, grammar and use in countries other than Portugal.
R520 Portuguese literature The study of Portuguese literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R530 Portuguese society & culture The study of Portuguese society and culture.
R590 Portuguese studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Portuguese studies categories. To be used sparingly.
R600 Scandinavian studies The study of Scandinavian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Scandinavian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R610 Scandinavian languages The study of Scandinavian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R611 Swedish language The study of the Swedish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R612 Norwegian language The study of the Norwegian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R613 Finnish language The study of the Finnish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R614 Danish language The study of the Danish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R620 Scandinavian literature The study of Scandinavian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R621 Swedish literature The study of Swedish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R622 Norwegian literature The study of Norwegian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R623 Finnish literature The study of Finnish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R624 Danish literature The study of Danish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R630 Scandinavian society & culture The study of Scandinavian society and culture.
R631 Swedish society & culture The study of Swedish society and culture.
R632 Norwegian society & culture The study of Norwegian society and culture.
R633 Finnish society & culture The study of Finnish society and culture.
R634 Danish society & culture The study of Danish society and culture.
R690 Scandinavian studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Scandinavian studies categories. To be used sparingly.
R700 Russian & East European studies The study of Russian and East European languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Russian and East European culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R701 Russian studies The study of the Russian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Russian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R702 Czech studies The study of the Czech language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Czech culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R703 Polish studies The study of the Polish language, its structure history, grammar and use. May include study of Polish culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R704 Belarusian studies The study of the Belarusian language, its structure history, grammar and use. May include study of Belarusian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R705 Bulgarian studies The study of the Bulgarian language, its structure history, grammar and use. May include study of Bulgarian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R706 Hungarian studies The study of the Hungarian language, its structure history, grammar and use. May include study of Hungarian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R707 Romanian studies The study of the Romanian language, its structure history, grammar and use. May include study of Romanian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R708 Slovak studies The study of the Slovak language, its structure history, grammar and use. May include study of Slovakian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R709 Ukrainian studies The study of the Ukrainian language, its structure history, grammar and use. May include study of Ukrainian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R710 Russian & East European languages The study of Russian and East European languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R711 Russian language The study of the Russian language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R712 Polish language The study of the Polish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R713 Czech language The study of the Czech language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R720 Russian & east European Literature The study of Russian and East European literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R721 Russian literature The study of Russian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R722 Polish literature The study of Polish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R723 Czech literature The study of Czech literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R730 Russian & east European society & culture The study of Russian and East European society and culture.
R731 Russian society & culture The study of Russian society and culture.
R732 Polish society & culture The study of Polish society and culture.
R733 Czech society & culture The study of Czech society and culture.
R790 Russian & east European studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Russian and East European studies categories. To be used sparingly.
R800 European studies The study of European languages, institutions and society, which can take a broadly comparative approach or can be focused on either individual countries or the European Union. Usually involves the study of at least one modern language, and one or more of history, politics, international relations, economics, geography, sociology and law. In some universities, courses in cultural studies are also included.
R900 Others in European languages, literature & related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other European Languages, Literature and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly.
R910 Other European languages The study of other European languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
R911 Dutch The study of the Dutch language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Dutch culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R912 Flemish The study of the Flemish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Flemish culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R920 Other European literature The study of other European literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
R930 Other European societies & cultures The study of other European societies and cultures.
R990 European languages, literature & related subjects not elsewhere classified

T - Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian Languages, Literature and Related Subjects

T100 Chinese studies The study of Chinese languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Chinese culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T110 Chinese language studies The study of Chinese languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T120 Chinese literature studies The study of Chinese literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T130 Chinese society & culture studies The study of Chinese society and culture.
T190 Chinese studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Chinese studies categories. To be used sparingly.
T200 Japanese studies The study of Japanese languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Japanese culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T210 Japanese language studies The study of Japanese languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T220 Japanese literature studies The study of Japanese literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T230 Japanese society & culture studies The study of Japanese society and culture.
T290 Japanese studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Japanese studies. To be used sparingly.
T300 South Asian studies The study of South Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of South Asian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T310 South Asian language studies The study of South Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T311 Indian language studies The study of the languages of India, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T312 Pakistani language studies The study of the languages of Pakistan, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T313 Sri Lankan language studies The study of the languages of Sri Lanka, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T314 Bangladeshi language studies The study of the Bengali language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T315 Nepali language studies The study of the languages of Nepal, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T320 South Asian literature studies The study of South Asian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T321 Indian literature studies The study of Indian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T322 Pakistani literature studies The study of Pakistani literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T323 Sri Lankan literature studies The study of Sri Lankan literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T324 Bangladeshi literature studies The study of Bangladeshi literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T325 Nepali literature studies The study of Nepali literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T330 South Asian society & culture studies The study of South Asian society and culture.
T331 Indian society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of India.
T332 Pakistani society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Pakistan.
T333 Sri Lankan society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Sri Lanka.
T334 Bangladeshi society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Bangladesh.
T335 Nepali society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Nepal.
T390 South Asian studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other South Asian studies categories. To be used sparingly.
T400 Other Asian studies The study of other Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of other Asian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T410 Other Asian language studies The study of other Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T411 East Asian language studies The study of East Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Includes Korean, Taiwanese and Mongolian. Does not include Chinese and Japanese languages.
T412 South East Asian language studies The study of South East Asian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Includes Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao and Burmese.
T420 Other Asian literature studies The study of other Asian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T421 East Asian literature studies The study of East Asian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Includes Korean, Taiwanese and Mongolian literature. Does not include Chinese and Japanese literatures.
T422 South East Asian literature studies The study of South East Asian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation. Includes literature in Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao and Burmese.
T430 Other Asian society & culture studies The study of other Asian societies and cultures.
T431 East Asian society & culture studies The study of East Asian societies and cultures. Includes the societies and cultures of Korea, Taiwan and Mongolia. Does not include the societies and cultures of China and Japan.
T432 South East Asian society & culture studies The study of South East Asian societies and cultures. Includes the societies and cultures of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.
T490 Other Asian studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Other Asian studies categories. To be used sparingly.
T500 African studies The study of the acquisition of African languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of African culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T510 African language studies The study of African languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T511 Eastern African language studies The study of the languages of Eastern Africa, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Includes Amharic, Somali and Swahili.
T512 Central African language studies The study of the languages of Central Africa, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Includes Lingala, Kongo, Bemba and Chichewa.
T513 Northern African language studies The study of the languages of Northern Africa, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Includes Berber.
T514 Southern African language studies The study of the languages of Southern Africa, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Includes Zulu, Xhosa and Afrikaans.
T515 Western African language studies The study of the languages of Western Africa, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation. Includes Hausa, Yoruba, Twi and Igbo.
T520 African literature studies The study of African literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T521 Eastern African literature studies The study of Eastern African literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T522 Central African literature studies The study of Central African literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T523 Northern African literature studies The study of Northern African literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T524 Southern African literature studies The study of Southern African literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T525 Western African literature studies The study of Western African literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T530 African society & culture studies The study of African societies and cultures.
T531 Eastern African society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Eastern Africa.
T532 Central African society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Central Africa.
T533 Northern African society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Northern Africa.
T534 Southern African society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Southern Africa.
T535 Western African society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Western Africa.
T590 African studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other African studies categories. To be used sparingly.
T600 Modern Middle Eastern studies The study of the acquisition of the modern Middle-Eastern languages, their structure, history, grammar and use.
T610 Modern Middle Eastern language studies The study of modern Middle Eastern languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T611 Arabic language studies The study of Arabic languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T612 Modern Standard Arabic language studies The study of Modern Standard Arabic language, its structure, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T613 Persian language studies The study of Persian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T614 Modern Hebrew language studies The study of Modern Hebrew, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T615 Kurdish language studies The study of Kurdish languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T616 Turkish language studies The study of the Turkish language, its structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T620 Modern Middle Eastern literature studies The study of modern Middle Eastern literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T621 Arabic literature studies The study of Arabic literature, both classical and modern, using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T623 Persian literature studies The study of Persian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T624 Modern Hebrew literature studies The study of Modern Hebrew literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T625 Kurdish literature studies The study of Kurdish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T626 Turkish literature studies The study of Turkish literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T630 Modern Middle Eastern society & culture studies The study of modern Middle Eastern societies and cultures.
T631 Arab society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Arabic-speaking people.
T633 Persian society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Persian-speaking people.
T634 Modern Hebrew society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Modern Hebrew-speaking people.
T635 Kurdish society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Kurdish-speaking people.
T636 Turkish society & culture studies The study of the societies and cultures of Turkish-speaking people.
T690 Modern Middle Eastern studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Modern Middle-Eastern studies categories. To be used sparingly.
T700 American studies The study of the acquisition of languages of the Americas, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of the cultures and literatures of the Americas using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T710 American language studies The study of American languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T711 Latin American language studies The study of Latin American languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T712 United States language studies The study of the languages of the United States, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T713 Canadian language studies The study of the languages of Canada, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T714 Caribbean language studies The study of Caribbean languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. Includes acquisition, pronunciation and articulation.
T720 American literature studies The study of American literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T721 Latin American literature studies The study of Latin American literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T722 United States literature studies The study of literature from the United States using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T723 Canadian literature studies The study of Canadian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T724 Caribbean literature studies The study of Caribbean literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T730 American society & culture studies The study of American societies and cultures.
T731 Latin American society & culture studies The study of Latin American societies and cultures.
T732 United States society & culture studies The study of United States societies and cultures.
T733 Canadian society & culture studies The study of Canadian societies and cultures.
T734 Caribbean society & culture studies The study of Caribbean societies and cultures.
T790 American studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other American studies categories. To be used sparingly.
T800 Australasian studies The study of the acquisition of Australasian and South West Pacific languages, their structure, history, grammar and use. May include study of Australasian culture and literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T810 Australasian language studies The study of Australasian and South West Pacific languages, their structure, history, grammar and use.
T820 Australasian literature studies The study of Australasian and South West Pacific literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T830 Australasian society & culture studies The study of Australasian and South West Pacific societies and cultures.
T890 Australasian studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related studies which do not fit into the other Australasian studies categories. To be used sparingly.
T900 Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African, American & Australasian languages, literature & related subjects Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Eastern, Asiatic, African, American and Australasian languages, Literature and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly.
T910 Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African, American & Australasian languages The study of other Eastern, Asiatic, African American and Australasian languages, their structure, history, grammar and use.
T920 Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African, American & Australasian literature The study of other Eastern, Asiatic, African American and Australasian literature using the techniques of literary analysis and interpretation.
T930 Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African, American & Australasian societies & culture The study of other Eastern, Asiatic, African American and Australasian societies and cultures.
T990 Eastern, Asiatic, African, American & Australasian languages, literature Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Eastern, Asiatic, African American and Australasian Languages, Literature and related subjects categories. To be used sparingly.

V - Historical and Philosophical Studies

V100 History by period Recording and interpreting past events and social and political developments chronologically.
V140 Modern history Historical studies of the period c.1550 AD to the present.
V141 Modern history 1500-1599 Historical studies of the period 1500-1599.
V142 Modern history 1600-1699 Historical studies of the period 1600-1699.
V143 Modern history 1700-1799 Historical studies of the period 1700-1799.
V144 Modern history 1800-1899 Historical studies of the period 1800-1899.
V145 Modern history 1900-1919 Historical studies of the period 1900-1919. Includes World War I studies.
V146 Modern history 1920-1949 Historical studies of the period 1920-1949. Includes World War II studies.
V147 Modern history 1950-1999 Historical studies of the period 1950-1999.
V148 Modern history 2000-2099 Historical studies of the period 2000-2099.
V150 Medieval history Historical studies of the period 600-1500 AD.
V160 Ancient history Historical studies of the period 900 BC to 500 AD.
V161 Late Antique history Historical studies of the period 300-600 AD.
V190 History by period not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in History by Period. To be used sparingly.
V200 History by area Recording and interpreting past events and social and political developments geographically.
V210 British history Historical studies focusing on the British Isles.
V211 Irish history Historical studies of Ireland.
V212 Scottish history Historical studies of Scotland.
V213 Welsh history Historical studies of Wales.
V214 English history Historical studies of England.
V220 European history Historical studies focusing on continental Europe.
V221 French history Historical studies of France.
V222 German history Historical studies of Germany.
V223 Italian history Historical studies of Italy.
V224 Iberian history Historical studies of Spain and Portugal.
V225 Russian history Historical studies of Russia.
V230 American history Historical studies of the Americas.
V231 Canadian history Historical studies of Canada.
V232 USA history Historical studies of the United States of America.
V233 South American history Historical studies of South and Latin America.
V234 Central American history Historical studies of Central America.
V240 Asian history Historical studies of continental Asia.
V241 Chinese history Historical studies of China.
V242 Indian history Historical studies of the Indian sub-continent.
V243 South East Asian history Historical studies of South East Asia.
V244 Byzantine History Historical studies in the Byzantine Empire from 300-600 AD.
V250 African history Historical studies of continental Africa.
V251 North African history Historical studies of North Africa.
V252 Central African history Historical studies of Central and Equatorial Africa.
V253 Southern African history Historical studies of Southern Africa including South Africa.
V254 East African history Historical studies of East Africa.
V255 West African history Historical studies of West Africa.
V260 Australasian history Historical studies of the continent of Australasia.
V261 Australian history Historical studies of Australia.
V262 New Zealand history Historical studies of New Zealand.
V270 World history Historical studies considered globally.
V271 International history Historical studies of relations between nation states.
V290 History by area not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in History by Area categories. To be used sparingly.
V300 History by topic The study of recording, interpreting and comparing developments of particular skills, artefacts, cultures or other areas of interest.
V310 Economic history Study of the growth and development of economies in history. May include the study of industrialisation.
V320 Social history The interpretation of the underlying processes of change in society. Includes the study of the growth and development of societies in history.
V321 Local history Social historical study of a particular locality such as a town or village.
V322 Oral history The study of spoken records as historical evidence.
V323 Family history Genealogical study of family or personal descent.
V324 Crime history Historical studies of the development of criminal justice theories and social responses to crime.
V330 History of religions Historical study of religious movements and their interaction with other cultures.
V340 Intellectual history The history of ideas and the study of intellectual movements.
V350 History of art Historical study of developments in the arts and consideration of art history methods and techniques. Includes the enhancement of visual awareness and expertise as an aspect of cultural history.
V360 History of architecture Historical study of building design and architectural movements.
V370 History of design Historical study of design styles and movements.
V380 History of science Investigation of the historical development of the sciences in their economic and cultural context. Includes the influence of non-scientific factors and the impact of science on society.
V381 History of physics Historical studies of natural philosophy and the physical sciences.
V382 History of chemistry Historical studies of the chemical sciences.
V383 History of mathematics Historical studies of the mathematical sciences.
V384 History of medicine Historical studies of medical sciences and practices.
V390 History by topic not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in History by Topic categories. To be used sparingly.
V391 Military history Historical studies of the development of armed forces and their deployment in warfare.
V400 Archaeology The study of human prehistory, development of early societies and the emergence of civilisation. Includes socio-historical analysis of the material remains from excavations of past cultures to reconstruct and understand the past.
V410 Egyptology The archaeological study of the civilisations of ancient Egypt.
V420 Stone Age The archaeology of the period of human culture characterised by the making and use of stone implements and artefacts.
V430 Bronze Age The archaeology of the period of human culture characterised by the making and use of bronze implements and artefacts, c.4500BC-500 BC.
V440 Iron Age The archaeology of the period of human culture characterised by the making and use of iron implements and artefacts, c.1100 BC-c.1st AD.
V450 Archaeological conservation Methods of preserving artefacts from excavations for retrieval and analysis of archaeological information.
V460 Archaeological techniques Methods of surveying, field archaeology and palaeography.
V470 Classical art & archaeology The study of the material culture of classical civilisations.
V471 Roman art & archaeology The study of the material culture of the Roman world from 700 BC to 500 AD.
V472 Greek art & archaeology The study of the material culture of the Greek world from the Bronze Age to 500 AD.
V490 Archaeology not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the others in Archaeology categories. To be used sparingly.
V500 Philosophy The critical examination of fundamental beliefs about meaning, truth and reality, right and wrong.
V510 Metaphysics Consideration of the problems in the theories of being and thought.
V511 Epistemology The study of the theory of knowledge.
V520 Moral philosophy The study of the concept of morality and codes of behaviour.
V530 Scholastic philosophy Consideration of philosophical thought of the medieval period.
V540 Social philosophy Consideration of philosophical questions about an individual's responsibility and obligations to society.
V550 Philosophy of science The study of the philosophy of the Sciences, including scientific methodology, the nature of scientific knowledge and the use of formal logic.
V560 Mental philosophy The study of the philosophy of thinking and the mind.
V590 Philosophy not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Philosophy categories. To be used sparingly.
V600 Theology & religious studies The study of the nature of divinity and of beliefs in their social context.
V610 Theology Interpretation of doctrinal concepts such as faith, revelation and grace.
V620 Religious studies Identification and classification of religions and the comparative study of the world's religious traditions.
V621 Christian studies The theory and practice of Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox and other Christian denominations.
V622 Islamic studies The theory and practice of Islam.
V623 Judaism The theory and practice of the Jewish religion.
V624 Hinduism The theory and practice of the Hindu religious tradition.
V625 Buddhism The theory and practice of the Buddhist religious tradition.
V626 Other Asian religious studies The theory and practice of other Asian religions.
V627 Comparative religious studies The comparative study of different religious beliefs, customs and observations.
V630 Divinity Investigation into the nature of a deity and other divine beings.
V640 Religious writings The study and interpretation of religious writings in their historical, theological and philosophical contexts.
V641 The Bible & Christian texts Includes study of the Old and New Testaments, the apocryphal writings and patristic exegesis.
V642 The Qur'an & Islamic texts Includes study of the Qur'an (Koran) and interpretation of Sharia.
V643 The Torah & Judaic texts Includes study of the Torah and Talmudic interpretation.
V644 Asian religious texts Includes study of the Bhagavad-Gita, Tripitaka, Vedic, Taoist and Confucian texts.
V645 Comparative religious texts Critical interpretation, comparison and analysis of religious texts.
V650 Pastoral studies The study of religious practice in its social setting. It includes the work of the Ministry in religious education.
V690 Theology & religious studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Theology and Religious studies categories. To be used sparingly.
V700 Heritage studies The study of objects, practices, traditions and social and cultural movements that form or influence collections. To include intangible heritage, and areas distinct from history and or geography.
V710 Heritage theory The study of the theory behind heritage education and management, and conservation and preservation practices.
V720 Heritage site management The study of the management of existing and newly designated sites of heritage importance, including working with heritage organisations, legal consultants, the voluntary sector, governments and international bodies.
V730 Natural heritage The study of areas of natural heritage including local, national and international sites, how they have developed and how they are protected.
V731 Coastal heritage management The study of the particular aspects of coastal heritage within the wider natural heritage context, including leisure and tourism, industry, communities and landscape.
V740 Visitor management including interpretation The study of the management of visitors, individually or in groups, to heritage sites. To include the movement of visitors, branding and site identity and site interpretation.
V750 Oral history, heritage & genealogy The study of the preservation, conservation, and communication of oral heritage including children’s and adult heritage traditions. To include the study of family history and heritage, including heritage sites associated with specific families for more than two generations or with particular group cultures.
V900 Others in historical & philosophical studies Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Historical and Philosophical studies categories. To be used sparingly.
V990 Historical & philosophical studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Historical and Philosophical studies categories. To be used sparingly.

W - Creative Arts and Design

W100 Fine art The aesthetic representation in one medium of what is reality in another. Encompasses all artistic media.
W110 Drawing The study of/training in the expression of emotions, ideas or views of reality through representation by lines on a surface. Includes the use of such media as pen & ink, pencil, charcoal, pastel etc.
W120 Painting The study of/training in the expression of emotions, ideas or views of reality through representation by the application of paints and chemical colour substances to canvasses or other materials.
W130 Sculpture The representation of reality using three-dimensional media, e.g. stone, metal, wood etc.
W140 Printmaking The study of/training in the expression of emotions, ideas or views of reality by rendering art concepts onto surfaces and transferring images, via ink or dyes, onto paper or fabric.
W150 Calligraphy The study of/training in the artistic construction of hand-written text.
W160 Fine art conservation The study of the conservation, protection and restoration of fine art artefacts.
W190 Fine art not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Fine Art categories. To be used sparingly.
W200 Design studies The study of design for everyday objects, taking into account technology and commerce as well as appearance and current art thinking. May involve the use of computers as design tools.
W210 Graphic design The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques effectively to communicate ideas and information to business and consumer audiences via forms of printed media.
W211 Typography The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques in the design and production of printed matter.
W212 Multimedia design The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques in design using a variety of materials.
W213 Visual communication The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques in design to impart information.
W220 Illustration The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques effectively to communicate ideas and information to business and consumer audiences via drawn or painted images.
W230 Clothing/fashion design The study of/training in the design and use of textiles and other materials to create items of apparel.
W231 Textile design The study of/training in the design of textiles.
W240 Industrial/product design The study of/training in the design of industrial and consumer products to meet aesthetic, functional and commercial requirements.
W250 Interior design The study of/training in the use of artistic techniques in the planning, designing, equipping and furnishing of residential, commercial and public interior spaces.
W260 Furniture design The study of/training in the design of furniture for residential, commercial and public environments.
W270 Ceramics design The study of/training in the design of ceramic artefacts.
W280 Interactive & electronic design The study of/training in the design of non-static computer-generated images.
W290 Design studies not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Design studies categories. To be used sparingly.
W300 Music The study of melody, harmony and rhythm produced in accordance with specified patterns and sequences. May include performance, theory and history of music.
W310 Musicianship/performance studies The study of/training in the mastering of musical instruments and performing art as solo and/or ensemble performers.
W311 Instrumental or vocal performance The study of performance in relation to various genres of music, theatre and performing arts (concert, recital, play, ballet, operetta, circus acts, poetry).
W312 Musical theatre The study of the definition and styles of music within the theatrical arena.
W313 Conducting The study of directing musical performance by way of visible gestures.
W314 Jazz performance The study of performance in the jazz genre. The preparation of individuals to master the performance of jazz. Includes instruction in improvisation, jazz instrument and ensemble performance.
W315 Popular music performance The study of performance in the genre of music classified as popular music, providing excellent creative opportunities for performers.
W316 Electronic/electro-acoustic music performance The study of performance in the genre of music classified as electronic and electro-acoustic music, using the principles and techniques of electronic sound manipulation and computer applications.
W317 Historical performance practice The study of historical interpretation, utilising period instruments and gaining insight into traditional approaches and original sources.
W320 Music education/teaching The study associated with the teaching and learning of music, developing music skills and appreciation.
W330 History of music The study of the historical development of music and musical styles.
W340 Types of music The study of specific types and variants of musical genres.
W341 Popular music The study of popular music that is accessible to the general public and disseminated by one or more of the mass media.
W342 Film music/screen music The analytical study of film/screen music including techniques of musical style and composition for the moving image.
W343 Jazz The study of music classified as in the style of jazz. Includes instruction in the history of jazz and jazz theory.
W344 Folk music The study of music classified as in the style of folk music exploring its traditional and revived forms.
W345 Opera The study of music classified as opera, including the theatrical, musical and literary techniques used by composers when creating new works.
W346 Sacred music The study of the use of music in the church and the role of music in worship and other world religions.
W350 Musicology The systematic study of the forms and methods of music art, and the functions of music in societies and cultures.
W351 Ethnomusicology/world music The study of music and dance from all parts of the world, focusing on the systematic study of the forms and methods of music art, and the functions of music, in Western and non-Western societies and cultures.
W352 Community music The study of music in everyday life and the development of the professional and critical skills required in community-based music making, including the facilitating of community music projects.
W353 Music & gender The study of music relating to a specific gender.
W354 Philosophy, aesthetics & criticism of music The study of the nature, quality and beauty of music and our evaluation, interpretation and enjoyment of music and its performance.
W355 Music psychology The study of psychological theory and methods to interpret and understand musical behaviours, sounds and ideas.
W356 Music theory & analysis The study of conceptual structures typical of music theory and method and techniques used to analyse music.
W357 Sociology of music The study of the relationship between music and society. Concerned with the function of music in society and the ways in which society influences the development of music.
W360 Musical instrument history Historical studies of the development of musical instruments in the context of changing styles of playing and performance.
W370 Music technology & industry The technical aspects involved with the musical arts, particularly the use of electronic devices and music industry business practices.
W371 Sound design/commercial music recording The study of the concepts of sound recording and reproduction through electronic means, including all aspects of recording within the music industry.
W372 Creative music technology The study of the conceptually creative uses of computer-based music and the latest development of technical skills involved in the music business.
W373 Electro-acoustic studies The study of the production, transmission, and reception of sounds by the human voice and various instruments for electronic sound system design, integration and digital acoustical consulting.
W374 Music production The study of music and audio production techniques relating to commercial trends and current technologies to control recording sessions and supervising the recording, mixing and mastering processes.
W375 Music management/music industry management/arts management The study of managing music organisations, operations, facilities, and personnel. Includes instruction in business and financial management, music law and applications to specific activities such as managing theatres, recording studios, bands and individual artists.
W376 Music marketing The study of the organisation of branding, pricing and promotion of the spectrum of musical products and services. Including event promotion, music products merchandising, artist agency and promotion.
W380 Composition The creation of a new piece of original music and structure.
W381 Electracoustic composition/acousmatic composition The creation of an original piece of music in the genre of music classified as electracoustic, using the principles and techniques of electronic sound manipulation and computer applications.
W382 Sonic arts The creation of an original piece of music using practices that predominantly focus on a relationship between the wide notions of the visual and aural domains of art and sound perception.
W383 Electronic music The creation of an original piece of music in the genre of music classified as electronic. Includes mastering electronic music production, remixing and composition using cutting edge electronic techniques and digital music technologies.
W384 Applied music/musicianship Includes traditional music theory and performance, with additional aspects of technology, community music, education, musicology and development of original creative ability.
W385 Commercial music composition The creation of an original piece of music for commercial activities to be played through the medium of radio or television.
W386 Multimedia music composition The creation of fusion and experimental musical forms using techniques appropriated from a combination of different interactive content forms.
W387 Jazz composition The preparation of individuals to master the composition of jazz. Includes instruction in related musical styles such as Blues.
W388 Popular music composition The study of the expertise of contemporary song-writing, studying musical concepts in popular music cultures and music industry practices of popular music.
W390 Music not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Music categories. To be used sparingly.
W400 Drama The study of and/or training in acting and stagecraft. May include the study of theatre management and the supervision and production of scenery, costume, lighting etc.
W410 Acting The study of/training in the communication of dramatic information, ideas, moods, and feelings through the achievement of naturalistic and believable behaviour in imaginary circumstances.
W420 Directing for theatre The study of/training in the supervision and direction of dramatic performances.
W430 Producing for theatre The study of/training in the techniques and principals involved in the production of theatrical performances other than acting and directing.
W440 Theatre studies The study of the technical aspects of theatrical performances.
W441 Theatre & professional practice The preparation of individuals to apply business management principles to the management of theatres and production corporations.
W442 Contemporary theatre The preparation of individuals to manage the planning, design, preparation and production of plays and other theatrical entertainment programmes.
W443 Technical arts & special effects for theatre The preparation of individuals to apply special effects and techniques to the communication of dramatic information through technical theatre methods.
W450 Stage management The study of the management of lighting, props, scenery and other technical items associated with theatrical performances and management of the stage.
W451 Theatrical wardrobe design The study of/training in the design of costumes for theatrical performances.
W452 Theatrical make-up The study of/training in the application of make-up and/or face and body paints for theatrical performances.
W453 Technical stage management The preparation of individuals for technical stage management, including set design, lighting design, theatre acoustics and technical direction.
W460 Theatre design The study of the design of theatres and theatre productions.
W461 Stage design The study of the design of sets and scenery for use in theatres, film and television.
W470 Performance & live arts The study of dramatic works and their performance. Includes instruction in dramatic styles and types and the principles of organising live productions.
W471 European/world theatre arts The study of overseas theatre arts, emphasising outward-looking innovative practices that are responsive to international needs.
W472 Circus arts The study of the range of circus art skills to gain a high level of expertise and performing ability in a particular circus discipline such as trapeze, tightrope or juggling.
W473 Community theatre The study of theatre performance and practice focusing on community and education developed through projects with people in the local community.
W490 Drama not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Drama categories. To be used sparingly.
W500 Dance The study of and/or training in the movement of the body, particularly in time to music. May include some study of/training in music and/or drama.
W510 Choreography The study of/training in the arrangement and planning of staged dance.
W520 Body awareness The study of the human body in relation to its capabilities in generating artistic forms in dance.
W530 History of dance The study of the development of dance in societies and cultures.
W531 Dance & culture The study of dance through the performance of one or more of the dance disciplines, including but not limited to ballet, modern, jazz and folk dance, with focus on the study and analysis of dance as a cultural phenomenon.
W532 Community dance The preparation of individuals to express ideas and feelings through the performance of one or more of the dance disciplines to support, develop and initiate dance activities within communities.
W540 Types of dance The study of/training in the specific styles and genres of dance.
W541 Ballet The study of ballet dance technique, including pointe, pas de deux, choreography, solo and repertory work as well as conventional academic methodology and skills.
W542 Dance theatre The study of dance technical skills, dance production and criticism and creative skills needed to develop versatility, individuality and creativity as articulate dance theatre makers and scholars.
W543 Contemporary dance The study of technical, creative and professional elements of contemporary dance informed by contextual and theoretical study.
W544 Jazz dance The study of jazz solo and ensemble dance, jazz choreography and technique, and interpretations of specific styles.
W550 Dance performance The study of the advancement of creative dance performance, including the technical and artistic complexities inherent in performance.
W590 Dance not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Dance categories. To be used sparingly.
W600 Cinematics & photography The study of all aspects of film making.
W610 Moving image techniques The study of the techniques and principles associated with the production of moving image sequences.
W611 Directing motion pictures The study of/training in the direction and arrangement of equipment and actors in the production of a moving image sequence.
W612 Producing motion pictures The study of/training in all aspects of the production of a moving image sequence other than acting and directing.
W613 Film & sound recording The study of/training in the recording of audio and video elements in the production of a moving image sequence.
W614 Visual & audio effects The study of/training in the production of special visual and/or audio effects in the production of moving image sequences.
W615 Animation techniques The study of/training in the particular techniques associated with the creation of the illusion of movement in a video sequence, by the filming of successive drawings or the positions of puppets.
W620 Cinematography The study of the purely artistic elements of moving image sequences.
W630 History of cinematics & photography The study of the development of moving image and still image generation.
W631 History of cinematics The study of the development of the generating of moving images.
W632 History of photography The study of the development of the generating of still images.
W640 Photography The study of/training in all aspects in the creation of still images on photographic film or plates.
W690 Cinematics & photography not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Cinematics and Photography categories. To be used sparingly.
W700 Crafts The study of the use of a variety of materials individually and in combination to create pleasing and useful items. Includes a high proportion of practical work.
W710 Fabric & leather crafts The study of all crafts which are based upon the source materials of fabric and leather.
W711 Needlecraft The study of crafts which draw upon the use of needles to create and decorate fabric and leather artefacts.
W712 Dressmaking The study of/training in the creation of items of apparel.
W713 Soft furnishing The study of/training in the creation of soft furnishing items.
W714 Weaving The craft of interweaving fibres of material, such as cotton, wool etc.
W715 Leatherwork The craft involved with the creation or decoration of items made from animal skin.
W720 Metal crafts The study of all crafts which use metals as a source material.
W721 Silversmithing/goldsmithing The craft of creating artefacts using the materials of silver and gold.
W722 Blacksmithing The craft of creating artefacts from iron.
W723 Clock/watchmaking The craft of creating chronometers.
W730 Wood crafts The study of all crafts which involve the use of wood as a source material.
W731 Carpentry/joinery The craft of laying-out, fabricating, erecting, installing and repairing wooden structures and fixtures.
W732 Cabinet making The craft of creating items of wooden furniture.
W733 Marquetry & inlaying The craft of decorating wooden items by inlaying patterns of thin layers of wood, brass, ivory etc.
W734 Veneering The craft of bonding thin outer layers of wood, brass, ivory etc. to items for decorative purposes.
W740 Surface decoration The study of all crafts which involve changing the appearance of objects by adding ornament or colour to their outer layer.
W750 Clay & stone crafts The study of all crafts which involve the use of clay, stone and related materials.
W751 Pottery The craft of creating vessels and artefacts from fired clay.
W752 Tile making The craft of creating decorative and functional tiles from clay and ceramic materials.
W753 Stone crafts The craft of creating decorative and functional items from stone. May include dry-stone walling.
W760 Reed crafts The study of all crafts which involve the use of reeds and related materials.
W761 Basketry The craft of constructing containers from interwoven cane or reeds.
W762 Thatching The study of the craft of traditional roofing using straw, reeds or similar materials.
W770 Glass crafts All crafts which involve the use of glass as a source material.
W771 Glassblowing The craft of constructing glass vessels by means of blowing into molten glass.
W780 Paper crafts The study of all crafts which involve the making or use of paper as a source material.
W781 Bookbinding The craft of constructing decorative and ornate bindings for hand-printed books.
W782 Origami The Japanese craft of folding paper into decorative shapes and figures.
W790 Crafts not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Crafts categories. To be used sparingly.
W800 Imaginative writing The study of the creation of fictional text.
W810 Scriptwriting The study of/training in the writing of scripts for theatre/television or motion picture productions.
W820 Poetry writing The study of/training in the writing of poems.
W830 Prose writing The study of/training in the writing of prose.
W890 Imaginative writing not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Imaginative Writing categories. To be used sparingly.
W900 Others in creative arts & design Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the other Creative Arts and Design categories. To be used sparingly.
W990 Creative arts & design not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into the Others in Creative Arts and Design categories. To be used sparingly.

X - Education

X100 Training teachers The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to a third party.
X110 Training teachers - nursery The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to pre-school children.
X120 Training teachers - primary The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 1 to 6 inclusive.
X121 Training teachers - infant (key stage 1) The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 1 to 2 inclusive.
X122 Training teachers - junior (key stage 2) The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 3 to 6 inclusive.
X130 Training teachers - secondary The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 7 to 11 inclusive.
X131 Training teachers - key stage 3 The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 7 to 9 inclusive.
X132 Training teachers - key stage 4 The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to children in school years 10 to 11 inclusive.
X140 Training teachers - tertiary The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people above school year 11.
X141 Training teachers - further education The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people in education years 12 to 13 inclusive.
X142 Training teachers - higher education The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people registered on a higher education course.
X150 Training teachers - adult education The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to adults. May include teaching of management training techniques, restructuring of teaching methods to take account of part-time study etc.
X151 Training teachers - coaching The training of others to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to sportsmen and women.
X160 Training teachers - specialist The training of others to use non-standard methods to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people with particular learning requirements.
X161 Training teachers - special needs The training of others to use non-standard methods to impart, explain and disseminate knowledge, skills and learning to people with special needs.
X162 Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) The training of others to use non-standard methods to teach English to people whose first language is not English.
X190 Training teachers not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Training Teachers categories. To be used sparingly.
X200 Research & study skills in education The study of investigative method and the collection of information with the aim of improving individual learning ability and efficiency.
X210 Research skills The study of investigative method and the collection of information.
X220 Study skills The study of individual learning ability and techniques with the aim of improving their efficacy and efficiency.
X290 Research & study skills in education not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Research and Study Skills in education categories. To be used sparingly.
X300 Academic studies in education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve group learning ability and efficiency.
X310 Academic studies in nursery education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in pre-school children.
X320 Academic studies in primary education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in children in school years 1 to 6 inclusive.
X330 Academic studies in secondary education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in children in school years 7 to 11 inclusive.
X340 Academic studies in tertiary education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people above school year 11.
X341 Academic studies in further education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people in education years 12 to 13 inclusive.
X342 Academic studies in higher education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people in higher education.
X350 Academic studies in adult education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in adults.
X360 Academic studies in specialist education The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people with particular learning requirements.
X370 Academic studies in education (across phases) The study of teaching and learning, the arrangement of the curriculum, and the investigation of the learning process in order to improve learning ability and efficiency in people of all ages.
X390 Academic studies in education not elsewhere classified Miscellaneous grouping for related subjects which do not fit into other Academic studies in Education categories. To be used sparingly.
X900 Others in education
X990 Education not elsewhere classified